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z PP1: Intro Physiology > Nervous System Exam 1 > Flashcards

Nervous System Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two divisions of the nervous system and what are they composed of

A

Central Nervous System: brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System: nerves that connect the brain or spinal cord with the body’s muscles, glands, sense organs, tissues

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2
Q

What are the two types of principle cell types of the nervous system

A

Neurons and Glial Cells

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3
Q

What are neurons

A

-Functional units of the nervous system
-Excitable cells that transmit electrical signals from one cell to another
-Do NOT DIVIDE

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4
Q

Parts of Neurons:
Dendrites
Cell Body
Node of Ranvier
Schwann Cells

A

Dendrites: receive signals from other cells
Cell Body: organizes and keeps cell functional
Node of Ranvier: Allow diffusion of ions
Schwann Cells: produces the myelin sheath

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5
Q

Parts of Neurons:
Axon
Axon Hillock
Axon Terminal
Myelin Sheath

A

Axon: transfers signals to other cells and organs
Axon Hillock: generates impulse in the neuron
Axon Terminal: forms junctions with other cells
Myelin Sheath: increases the speed of the signal

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6
Q

Axonal Transport:

A

cellular process responsible for movement components to and from the soma

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7
Q

Anterograde transport vs Retrograde transport

A

Anterograde: from soma to axon terminal
Retrograde: from axon terminal to soma

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8
Q

Retrograde Transport

A

Fast transport:
-moves membrane vesicles and cellular material to be degraded
-moves substances that enter the neuron
-mediated by dynein

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9
Q

Anterograde Transport

A

Slow axonal transport
-moves neurofilaments and microtubule proteins
Fast axonal transport
-moves organelles with membranes along the surface of microtubules
-mediated by kinesin

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10
Q

Neurons are classified based on structure and function define each

A

Structural classification: according to the number of processes extending the body
Functional classification: based on the direction of the nerve impulse with respect to the CNS

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11
Q

Multipolar Neurons

A

several short dendrites and a single long axon (neuron in the brain and in the spinal cord)

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12
Q

Bipolar Neurons

A

Single axon and one main dendrites

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13
Q

Unipolar Neurons

A

have cell body to one side and a single axon divided into branches (sensory neurons in skin, muscles, joints)

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14
Q

Afferent Neurons or Sensory

A

From receptors on organs to the CNS (brain)
Unipolar

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15
Q

Interneurons

A

connect sensory neurons and muscles
located in CNS
multipolar

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16
Q

Efferent Neurons or Motor

A

Info from CNS to periphery organs
effectors are muscles and glands
multipolar

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17
Q

How do glial cells support neurons (neuroglia)

A

-form myelin sheath around neuronal axons
-making the cerebrospinal fluid
-participating in phagocytosis (eating of things)
-Blood-Brain Barrier

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18
Q

Types of glia cells in PNS and CNS

A

PNS: satellite cells, schwann cells
CNS: oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells

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19
Q

Satellite Cells in PNS

A

-surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia
-regulate O2 and CO2 nutrient, and neurotransmitter levels around neurons in ganglia
(surround the body of neurons and get rid of things)

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20
Q

Schwann Cells in PNS

A

-surrounds axons ONE at a time
-responsible for myelination of peripheral axons
-participate in the repair process after injury

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21
Q

Oligodendrocytes in CNS

A

-myelinate axons
-structural framework
- surrounds many axons at once
- has small cell bodies

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22
Q

Astrocytes in CNS

A

-BBB
-structural support
-regulate ion, nutrient, gas concentration
-absorb and recycle neurotransmitters
-form scar tissue after injury

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23
Q

Microglia Cells in CNS

A

remove cell debris, waste, and pathogens by phagocytosis

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24
Q

Ependymal Cells in CNS

A

-Line ventricles (brain) and the central canal (spine)
-Assist in producing, circulating, and monitoring of CSF

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25
Q

BBB

A

-semi-permeable
-composed of blood vessels and glial cells, tight junctions
-astrocytes processes cover capillaries
-joins cell walls of vessels
-prevent diffusion of material between endothelial cells

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26
Q

What is myelination and what is it composed of

A

It is the process of forming a myelin sheath which increases nerve impulse speed
80% lipids, 20% proteins and water

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27
Q

How is myelination formed in CNS and PNS

A

CNS - oligodendrocytes
PNS - Schwann Cells

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28
Q

Myelination in CNS axons

A

cell bodies of oligodendrocytes do not surround the axons
no neurolemma formed
involved in forming myelin sheath
synthesis of large amounts of plasma membrane

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29
Q

Unmyelinated Axons in PNS

A

bundle of axons that are wrapped very thinly by Schwann cells

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30
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

Gaps in myelin sheath
facilitates in rapid conduction of nerve impulses
electrical impulses hop node to node
important in signal transduction

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31
Q

Electrical signals in neurons depends on what two things

A

depends on the variety of ion channels
existence of resting membrane potential

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32
Q

Types of ion channels

A

Leaky - random open and close
Gated - ligand, mechanically, voltage

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33
Q

Where are leaky channels in neurons

A

dendrites
can be in cell bodies and axons

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34
Q

Where are ligand-gated channels located

A

in dendrites of sensory neurons
in dendrites and cell bodies of interneurons and motor neurons (at synapse)

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35
Q

Where are mechanically gated channels located

A

auditory receptors, internal organs, skin
-vibration, touch, pressure

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36
Q

Where are voltage-gated channels located

A

mainly neuronal axon
unmyelinated axons, Node of Ranvier (myelinated), axon hillock

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37
Q

What are nerve impulses

A

electrical signals by which neurons talk to one another and other cells of the body

38
Q

What are nerve impulses also referred to as

A

action potential: brief reversal of the membrane potential

39
Q

Depolarization
Repolarization
Hyperpolarization

A

Depolarization: potential moves from RMP to less negative or positive values
Repolarization: potential returns to the RMP (negative)
Hyperpolarization: potential moving away from the RMP in a more negative direction

40
Q

When there is RMP how is it stimulated

A

No stimulation, no nerve imoulse

41
Q

What two things does the magnitude of RMP depend on

A

Differences in specific ion concentrations inside and outside the cell
Differences in membrane permeability to the different ions –> number of open channels

42
Q

What two things does the Goldman Field equation consider

A

concentration of ion inside and outside the cell
permeability

43
Q

What does the Nernst Equation predict

A

equilibrium potential

44
Q

What does action potential depend on

A

-Distribution of ions
-Changes in membrane permeability to ions
-It is short-lasting

45
Q

What happens in each of the 6 stages of resting membrane potential and action potential

A

1: Resting membrane potential
2: Depolarization makes less negative Na+ leaks in
3: All channels of Na+ are open (-) to (+)
4: Na+ close and K+ open (+) to (-)
5: Not all K+ close at once, hyperpolarization
6: action potential, goes back to the starting point

46
Q

Does the action potential change with different amounts of stimulus within a cell

A

no, the amplitude is always the same

47
Q

How are refractory periods a safety mechanisms

A

system can only open with enough closed pumps

48
Q

What is an absolute refractory period

A

Channels are in the open and inactive state which can not create a action potential because more channels can not open

49
Q

What is a relative refractory period

A

Pumps are in the closed and inactive state which with enough stimulus can open pumps

50
Q

What is continuous propagation

A

non-myelinated axons
ions flow to adjacent segments
short distance
slow

51
Q

What is saltatory propagation

A

myelinated axons
action potentials in nodes of ranvier
action potentials jump from node to node
faster

52
Q

What is synaptic transmission

A

a neuron communicates with a target cell across a synapse

53
Q

What are electrical synapses

A

allows ions to move through one neuron to another through gap junctions

54
Q

What are chemical synapses (steps of Ca2+)

A

-Needs Ca to depolarize (pre-synaptic)
-increase of Ca vesicles move
-fuse vesicles to the membrane and makes pore
-neurotransmitters leave in synapse and move to other cell to produce an effect (post-synaptic)
-creates an action potential

55
Q

What are the three types of chemical synapses

A

Axodendritic: Axon and dendrite
Axosomatic: axon and somatic
Axoaxonic: axon and axon

56
Q

Nerve impulse vs synaptic transmission

A

Nerve Impulse: production of action potential, change in membrane potential, flow of ions
Synaptic transmission: release neurotransmitters at the synapse

57
Q

Neurotransmitters are what kind of messengers

A

chemical messengers

58
Q

Difference between excitatory and inhibitory transmitters

A

EPSP: promotes an action potential in receiving neuron (Ca+2)
IPSP: prevents an action potential (Cl- or K+)

59
Q

What are the three types of removal of neurotransmitters (after effects)

A

-Reuptake: NT is transported back to presynaptic terminal, transport into nearby glial cells to get degraded
-Enzymatic Transformation: at the synaptic cleft (acetylcholine), inside the cell
-Diffusion: away from active site
*All are metabolized to get rid of, or they can be reused

60
Q

Ionotropic:
Receptor
Speed
Function
Effect
Example

A

Ligand-gated
Fast
The functional domain of extracellular NT binding site and membrane-spanning domain forms ion channels (+)
Effect: depolarization or hyper-polarization
Ex: Acetylcholine

61
Q

How does depolarization and hyper-polarization relate to an excitatory and inhibitory transmitter

A

depolarization: excite (ESPS)
hyper-polarization: inhibit (ISPS)

62
Q

Metabolic Receptor

A

7 times through the membrane
slow
GCPRs
specific amino acids
*ion channel not apart of the receptor

63
Q

How does a GCPR work Directly

A
  1. Ligand binds to receptor
  2. Exchange GDP for GTP on alpha
  3. Dissociation between alpha and beta/gamma
  4. Subunits bind to effectors (can inhibit or activate) - alpha to E
  5. Hydrolysis of GTP to dissociate subunits from effectors
  6. Formation of inactive state (subunits bind to GCPR)
64
Q

How does GCPR work indirectly

A

NT binds to receptor
G protein binds to an effector (adenylyl cyclase)
uses cAMP as a second messenger
protein kinase
activate channel

65
Q

In GCPRs what is the state when there is positive vs negative charged

A

positive: active (positive charges into the cell)
negative: inactive

66
Q

Three postsynaptic potentials

A

Graded: small changes in membrane potential (small stimulus)
Magnitude: depends on stimulus (number of channels)
Summation: channels added together (small openings close enough to produce AP)

67
Q

CNS functions

A

Voluntary movement: muscle contraction
Involuntary movement: breathing
Process sensory information: pain
Source of thoughts

68
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges

A

Dura Mater (outermost)
Arachnoid Mater (middle) *
Pia Mater (inner) *
*CSF liquid between the two (continually made and into blood stream)

69
Q

Ventricles

A

cavities with CSF to cushion brain and spine

70
Q

What is the space between the Pia Mater and Arachnoid Mater called

A

subarachnoid

71
Q

What is the importance of the CSF

A

provide nutrients
maintain electrolyte balance for neurons
clears waste
regulate intracranial pressures

72
Q

What are in the external and internal portions of the brain

A

External:
Cerebrum
Brainstem - midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
Cerebellum

Internal:
Diencephalon - thalamus, hypothalamus

73
Q

Thalamus

A

The upper part of the diencephalon
Central Relay Station: motor and sensory signals to cortex
Regulates sleep and focus
Damage can lead to coma

74
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Below the thalamus
Maintain homeostasis (heart rate, temp, thirst)
influences the endocrine system by pituitary gland

75
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

bottom of hypothalamus
“master gland” controls release of hormones that maintain homeostasis

76
Q

Pineal Gland

A

roof of diencephalon
produces melatonin (sleep regulator)

77
Q

Brain Stem 3 major parts

A

Midbrain: visual and auditory reflex
Pons: part of respiratory center
Medulla Oblongata: cardiac center (heart rate), vasomotor center (blood pressure), respiratory center
*Site of cranial nerves (PNS)

78
Q

Spinal Cord (CNS)

A

Long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue

Functions:
-axons take sensory information into the brain
-motor info: neurons from brain & axon synapse to different muscles
Coordinates reflex actions w/out brain

79
Q

Functions:
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygeal

A

Cervical: innervate hands, arms
Thoracic: innervate organs in upper chest and upper abs
Lumbar: Innervate organs in lower abs, hips, legs
Sacral: Innervate genitals and lower digestive track
Coccygeal: Innervate skin

80
Q

What are PNS two main systems

A

Autonomic Nervous System: involuntary, regulates organs and tissues
Somatic Nervous System: Voluntary, skeletal muscle

81
Q

PNS detects _______ and transmits information to the ___ and receive information from the ___

A

Stimuli, CNS, CNS

82
Q

What are the three divisions in the autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic: mobilizes body (fight or flight)
Parasympathetic: conserves energy (rest and digest)
Enteric: regulates GI track

83
Q

Most organs have duel intervention by sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. What are the two exceptions and which system are they located in

A

Blood vessels, sweat glands,
Sympathetic (can’t completely shut down)

84
Q

ANS has two neurons, what are they called

A

Preganglionic neuron from spinal cord and a postganglionic neuron

85
Q

Where are the two synapses in ANS

A

Between preganglionic and postganglionic
Between postganglionic and effector (organ, tissue, gland)

86
Q

ACh is released by preganglionic in both ANS systems. In the postganglionic which releases ACh and which system releases NE and E

A

Parasympathetic: acetylcholine
Sympathetic: norepinephrine, epinephrine

87
Q

Length of synapses for sympathetic and parasympathetic and which receptor they use

A

sympathetic: short –> long, adrenergic
parasympathetic: long –> short, cholinergic

88
Q

Fight or flight response sympathetic pathway functions (10)

A

Dilate Pupils*
Inhibit Salvation
Increase Heartbeat*
Relax Airways (get air in)*
Inhibit Stomach Activity*
Release Glucose/ Inhibit Gallbladder
Inhibit Intestines*
Secrete E and NE
Relax bladder*
Genital contraction

89
Q

Two systems only have one neuron (preganglionic) what are they

A

Somatic system
Adrenal System

90
Q

Somatic system

A

Preganglionic projects directly from CNS to skeletal muscle
Motor neurons are myelinated
NT is ACh (Na+ channel)
Muscle Contraction and Tissues

91
Q

Adrenal system

A

Sympathetic System
Preganglionic innervate chromaffin cells in medulla release ACh
ACh bind to nicotinic receptors
Releases E and NE get in blood vessels and go to organs aka hormones

z PP1: Intro Physiology (10 decks)

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