Reproductive System Development - Severson Flashcards

1
Q

What area of mesoderm in the developing embryo gives rise to the urogenital system?

A

Intermediate Mesoderm

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2
Q

What areas of structures give rise to the urinary system and genital system?

A

Nephrogenic ridge gives rise to the URINARY system.

Gonadal/Genital ridge gives rise to the GENITAL system.

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3
Q

What is the difference between genetic sex and phenotypic or genital sex?

A

Genetic Sex: is determined at the time of fertilization

Phenotypic/Genital Sex: does not manifest until the seventh week of development

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4
Q

What hormone is responsible for establishing phenotypic maleness?

A

Testosterone

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5
Q

What gene is responsible for the development of the testes?

A

SRY gene (Sex-determining Region of Y)

-responsible for the production of testis-determining factor that induces the formation of testes

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6
Q

What developmental defect underlies the most common abnormality of sexual differentiation?

A

Klinefelter Syndrome (47, XXY)

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7
Q

What chromosome is lacking in Turner Syndrome?

A

lack of paternal sex chromosome (45, XO)

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8
Q

What type of tissue (testes or ovaries) would be found in the gonads of a true hermaphrodite?

A

Possess BOTH testicular and ovarian tissue (ovotestis)

***Extremely rare condition.

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9
Q

What is the source of the gametes (primordial germ cells) that migrate into the genital ridge?

A

Umbilical vesicle (yolk sac)

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10
Q

What tissues constitute the early genital ridge or gonads?

A

Mesothelium (coelomic epithelium) + underlying mesenchyme + primordial germ cells

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11
Q

The primordial germ cells in the male and female migrate into what developmental structures?

A

Genital (gonadal) ridge

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12
Q

Where are Sertoli Cells located?

A

Cortical cords (which later become seminiferous tubules)

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13
Q

What adult male structures are formed from the cortical cords?

A

Seminiferous tubules

Tubuli recti (straight tubules)

Rete testis

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14
Q

What embryologic structure forms the Efferent Ductules?

A

Mesonephric ductules (tubules)

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15
Q

What hormone stimulates the interstitial cells of Leydig to produce the androgenic hormones?

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

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16
Q

What hormone is produced by the Leydig cells?

A

Testosterone and androstenedione

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17
Q

What hormone stimulates the Sertoli cells?

A

hCG

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18
Q

What hormone is produced by the Sertoli cells and what effect does it have on the developing embryo?

A

anti-mullerian hormone => suppresses development of the paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts

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19
Q

What cells give rise to the oogonia?

A

primordial germ cells

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20
Q

How are the primordial germ cells multiplied in the genital ridge?

A

mitosis

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21
Q

Why do the oogonia undergo meiosis?

A

they are under the influence of meiosis-stimulating factor

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22
Q

What cells are produced when the oogonia enter meiosis?

A

primary oocytes

23
Q

What phase of meiosis does the primary oocyte reach before it arrests?

A

Prophase I of Meiosis I

24
Q

What cells to the primary oocytes become associated with and what are the structures called?

A

Associated with FOLLICULAR CELLS => form PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLES

25
Q

How do the paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts form?

A

the absence of anti-mullerian hormone allows them to develop into major structures of the female genital tract (fallopian tubes + uterus)

26
Q

Where and how do the caudal and cranial ends of the paramesonephric ducts terminate?

A

Where: in the pelvic region

How: caudal ends of the ducts fuse and terminate on the urogenital sinus between the ends of the mesonephric ducts to form the uterovaginal primordium

***Cranial end opens into the coelomic cavity

27
Q

What causes the paramesonephric ducts to degenerate in the male?

A

anti-mullerian hormone

28
Q

What remnant of the paramesonephric duct remains in the male?

A

prostatic utricle and the appendix of the testis

29
Q

What developmental structure gives rise to the epididymis, dutus deferens and ejaculatory duct?

A

mesonephric ducts

30
Q

From what structures do the seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands develop?

A

Seminal vesicles => outgrowth of the ductus deferens (mesonephric duct)

Prostate => outgrowth of the urogenital sinus

Bulbourethral glands => outgrowths of the spongy urethra (urogenital sinus)

31
Q

What hormone is responsible for development of the epididymis, dutus deferens and ejaculatory duct?

A

Testosterone

32
Q

What structures of the female genital tract develop from the paramesonephric duct?

A

fallopian tubes + uterus

33
Q

What developmental structures are responsible for development of the vagina?

A

Upper 1/3 = paramesonephric ducts (uterovaginal primordium)

Lower 2/3 = urogenital sinus

34
Q

What is responsible for Gartner’s duct?

A

residule parts of the mesonephric ducts outside of the uterus and vagina

35
Q

What hormone is essential for the development of the female reproductive structures?

A

Estrogen

36
Q

What developmental duct fails to develop properly resulting in malformations of the uterus and vagina?

A

Paramesonephric ducts

37
Q

What is thought to be responsible for the descent of the testes from the posterior abdominal wall into the scrotal sac?

A

Guernaculum

38
Q

What structure is the process vaginalis continuous with?

A

Tunica vaginalis

39
Q

What is the fate of the gubernaculum in the female?

A

Ligament of the ovary (ovarian ligament) and the Round Ligament of the uterus

40
Q

What would be responsible for the testes migrating to ectopic sites?

A

abnormal location of the gubernaculum

41
Q

What is responsible for a congenital inguinal hernia?

A

peritoneal canal => fails to close

42
Q

What is a hydrocele?

A

accumulation of peritoneal fluid in remains of the process vaginalis (part of scrotum)

43
Q

What genital structure gives rise to the phallus?

A

Genital tubercle (at cranial end of cloacal membrane)

44
Q

What genital enlargements occur on each side of the cloacal membrane?

A

Labioscrotal swellings (genital swellings) and Urogenital folds (urethral folds)

45
Q

What membranes are formed when the urorectal septum comes in contact with the cloacal membrane?

A

Ventral => Urogenital membrane

Dorsal => Anal membrane

46
Q

What hormone is responsible for development of the male genitalia?

A

Testosterone (converted to DHT by 5-alpha reductase)

47
Q

How is the male urethra formed?

A

Urogenital folds fuse and form the spongy urethra.

Ectodermal cord grows in from glans and connects with the spongy urethra.

48
Q

What hormones are lacking in male pseudohermaphrodites (46, XY)?

A

inadequate testosterone or Mullerian inhibiting substance

49
Q

What structures fail to fuse in males with hypospadias?

A

Urogenital folds or Ectodermal cord

50
Q

What other malformation is associated with epispadias?

A

exstrophy of the bladder

51
Q

What does the phallus become in the female?

A

clitoris

52
Q

What structures do the urogenital folds and labioscrotal folds form in the female?

A

Urogenital folds => Labia minora

Labioscrotal folds => Labia majora

53
Q

Why do female pseudohermaphrodites have the typical female internal organs, but external genitalia that resemble that of a male?

A

female internal organs form as default development

external genitalia are masculine due to congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) of the fetal suprarenal gland producing excessive androgenic hormones

54
Q

What is lacking in the androgen insensitivity syndrome (testicular feminization syndrome)?

A

androgen receptor