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Grade 12- Semester Two > Reproductive System and Somatic Senses Bio Test > Flashcards

Reproductive System and Somatic Senses Bio Test Flashcards

1
Q

fertilization

A

the joining of a sperm and egg cell

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2
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg

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3
Q

gametes

A

egg and sperm cells- they are haploid

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4
Q

somatic cells

A

nonreproductive cells

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5
Q

meiosis

A

occurs during gamete formation

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6
Q

scrotum

A

external pouch of skin where testes are located

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7
Q

semen

A

a mixture of sperm cells and fluids

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8
Q

penis

A

organ where semen leave the body

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9
Q

urethra

A

tube in penis where semen travels and urine leaves body

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10
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

tubule within testes where sperm cells form

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11
Q

epididymis

A

where sperm are stored

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12
Q

vas deferens

A

muscular tube that leads from epididymis to urethra

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13
Q

seminal vesicle

A

saclike structure that attaches to the vas deferens

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14
Q

prostate gland

A

secretes a thin, milky fluid with an alkaline pH which neutralizes the fluid containing sperm

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15
Q

fallopian tubes

A

passageway for egg cells as they travel from the ovary to the uterus

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16
Q

uterus

A

hollow organ; size of a pear

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17
Q

vagina

A

muscular passageway leading to outside of the body;birth canal

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18
Q

oogenesis

A

process of egg cells formation

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19
Q

menstrual cycle

A

egg develops in an ovary and the uterus prepares fir the arrival of an embryo

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20
Q

ovulation

A

mature egg released from the ovary into a fallopian tube

21
Q

menstruation

A

extra blood and tissue of the thickened uterus pass out of body

22
Q

embryo

A

developing human during the first eight weeks after fertilization

23
Q

morula

A

four days after fertilization, embryo is a solid ball of about 50 cells

24
Q

blastocyte

A

thin walled hollow structure in early embryonic development that contains a cluster of cells and a fluid filled cavity

25
Q

Implantation

A

process in which a blastocyst attaches itself to the wall of the uterus

26
Q

gastrulation

A

3rd layer of cells formed within the cavity of the blastocyst

27
Q

amniotic sac

A

fluid like sac that contains and protects fetus inside the uterus

28
Q

what hormone stimulates contraction of the uterus during labor

A

oxytocin

29
Q

which hormone stimulates milk production

A

prolactin

30
Q

where does fertilization occur

A

fallopian tube

31
Q

5 steps of childbirth

A
  1. oxytocin from the pituitary gland stimulates muscle contractions in the uterine wall (aka labor)
  2. opening of cervix expands until its larger enough for the head of the baby to pass through
  3. amniotic case breaks and the fluid rushes out of vagina
  4. placenta and empty amniotic case are expelled from uterus about 15 mins after delivery
  5. hormone prolactin from pituitary gland stimulates milk production in breast tissue
32
Q

what are stem cells

A

body’s raw materials

33
Q

what are 3 reasons for using stem cells

A
  • increase understanding of diseases
  • generate healthy cells to replace cells affected by disease
  • test new drugs for safety
34
Q

fetal blood

A

has greater oxygen carrying capactiy than blood in an adult

35
Q

umbilical vein

A

carries oxygenated blood from placenta to fetus

36
Q

ductus venosus

A

conducts half the blood from umbilical vein to inferior vena cava

37
Q

foramen ovale

A

conveys much blood entering right atrium from inferior vena cava through atrial septum and into left atrium

38
Q

ductus arteriosus

A

conducts some blood from pulmonary trunk to aorta, bypassing lungs

39
Q

umbilical arteries

A

carry blood from internal iliac arteries to placenta

40
Q

describe the olfactory organs

A

contain olfactory receptors (bipolar neurons with cilia); yellow-brownish masses in the upper parts of the nasal cavity

41
Q

how are we able to smell

A
  1. chemicals that stimulate olfactory receptors enter the nasal cavity as gases, which dissolve in a watery fluid
  2. stimulated olfactory receptor cells, send nerve impulses to the olfactory bulb
  3. the nerve impulses continue through the olfactory tract onto the temporal lobe of the brain
42
Q

how are we able to hear

A
  1. sound waves enter through the auditory canal
  2. sound caves hit the eardrum, causing it to vibrate
  3. the ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) vibrate and amplify the vibrations
  4. the vibration reaches the cochlea, which is filled with fluid and has cilia
  5. the cilia translate the vibrations into nerve impulses carried by sensory neurons through the auditory nerve to the temporal lobe
43
Q

how are we able to see?

A
  1. light passes through the cornea and lens. The iris controls how much light is let in
  2. the retina gathers the light and cone and rod cells turn it into electrical impulses
  3. these signals travel through the optic nerve to the occipital nerve to the brain
44
Q

rods vs cones

A

rods- control vision in dim light and monochrome shades

cones- control vision in bright light and all other colors(3 kinds of cones)

45
Q

describe the relationship between light wavelengths and color vision

A

short cone cells- blue light
medium cone cells- green light
long cone cells- red light

46
Q

color blindness– what causes it

A

deficiency in cone cells–> gene found on x-chromosome

47
Q

sensation

A

feeling that occurs when brain interprets sensory impulses

48
Q

what happens to the pupil in dark light

A

it enlarges

Grade 12- Semester Two (10 decks)

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