Nervous and Endocrine System Flashcards
Stimulus
change in environment
brain stem- what does it do?
ctonrol your body’s involuntary actions
brain stem includes the…
midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
synapse
area where a neuron transfers an impulse to another cell
CNS consists of
brain and spinal cord
what type of neuron transmits a nerve impulse from the brain or spinal cord out to an effector
motor neuron
largest part of brain
cerebrum
cerebrum
controls voluntary actions of brain
association areas
part of cerebrum that alayzes and interprets sensory experiences
broca’s area
coordinates muscular actions of mouth
cerebral cortex
part of brain is thin layer of gray atter and contains about 75% of all neuron cell bodies in nervous system
midbrain
responsible for moving the eyes to view something and hear sounds more disctinctly
cerebellum
helps with balance
peripheral nervous system parts
somatic and autonomic
somatic nervous system
controls voluntary actions and consists of nerve fibers that connect CNS to skin and muscle
autonomic NS
controls involuntary actions and includes nerve fibers that connect CNS to heart, stomach, etc.
peripherial nervous system consists of what
cranial and spinal nerves
how many pairs of spinal nerves are ther ein PNS
31
ventral root and dorsal root unite to form what
spinal nerve
ventral root
motor branch of spinal nerve
dorsal root
sensory branch of spinal nerve
brachial plexus
located deep within shoulders and includes many nerves
lumbosacral plexus
associalted with muscles and skin of abdominal wall, thighs, legs, etc.
plexus
system network of nerves or blood vessels
autonomic nervous system is divided into
sympathetic and parasympathtic divisions
sympathetic division
prepares body for stsressful situations
parasympathetic division
restores body to resting state following stressful situations
meninges
composed of 3 membranes that cover and protect the brain adn spinal cord
dura mater
Outermost layer of the meninges. Made of white tough fibrous connective tissue and contains many blood vessels and nerves
pia mater
Very thin layer of meninges that has many nerves and blood vessels that nourish underlying cells of the brain and spinal cord.
Arachnoid mater
Layer of the meninges that is a thin, weblike membrane. Lacks blood vessels and is located between the dura and pia maters.
Nerve impulse
wave of action potential
When a neuron is at resting potential(polarized state of neruon), does it have a positive or negative charge outside the cell membrane?
-
If a neuron is unmyelinated, the action potential or nerve impulse occurs across the entire surface of the axon. However, where do action potentials/nerve impulses occur along an axon that is covered with myelin?
Nodes of Ranvier
exitatory neurotransmitters
trigger nerve impulses
inhibitory neurotransmitters
inhibit nerve impulses
acetylcholine
neurotransmitter that simulates SKELTAL contractions
Two pyramid-shaped glands that sit on top of the kidneys and help the body prepare for and deal with stress by
releasing epinephrine into the blood.
adrenal gland
Produces insulin and glucagon; located behind the stomach
pancreas
Regulates blood calcium levels
paratyroid glands
Wraps around the trachea and controls the body’s metabolism
thyroid gland
secretes the hormones oxytocin, growth hormone, and MSH
pituatary gland
Chemicals that travel through the bloodstream
hormones
Thyroid gland produces too little thyroxine
hypothyroidism
Located in the brain and controls the secretions of the pituitary gland
hypothalamus
Thyroid gland produces too much thyroxine
hyperthyroideism
Release their hormones directly into the bloodstream
endocrine glands
Cells that have receptors for a particular hormone
target cells
A hormone that stimulates contractions of the uterus during labor
oxytocin
A hormone that stimulates the liver to break down fats and release sugar into the bloodstream
insulin
A hormone that stimulates muscle and liver cells to remove sugar from the blood and store it as fat
glucagon
four lobes of brain
frontal, perietal, temporal, occipital
which side of brain is dominant for the language related actvities
left
two types of cranial nerves and functions
sensory- carry impulse to brain; motor- carry impulse to the body
cervial- how many pairs of these nerves do we have?
8
thoarcic- how many pairs of these nerves do we have?
12
lumbar- how many pairs of these nerves do we have?
5
sacral- how many pairs of these nerves do we have?
5
coccygeal- how many pairs of these nerves do we have?
1
knee jerk reflex- explain
- strikes patellar ligament
- quadricepts femoris pulled slightely, stimulating stretch recepters within the muscles
- trigger senory neuron travels through spinal cord
- sensory axon forms a synapse with a motor neuron and travels to quadicps femorals
- muscle contrats and leg stends
larger or smaller = faster nerve impulse?
larger
6 events that lead to release of neurotransmitter
- action potential passes along nerve fiber and over synaptic knob
- synaptic knob membrane becomes more permeable to calcium ions and diffuse inward
- synaptic cesicles fuse to synaptic knob membrane
- synaptic vessicles release neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft
5 synaose vesicles reenter cytoplasm and pick up more neurotransmitters - neurotransmitter decomposed
