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Grade 12- Semester Two > Digestive System and Immune System > Flashcards

Digestive System and Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Steps of the digestive system

A
  • food is broken down by teeth and the amylase enzyme breaks down sugars in saliva
  • food moves down the esophagus by the process of peristalsis. the cardiac sphincter closes the esophagus
  • HCL in the stomach mixes with food and makes chyme. Pepsin in the stomach breaks down protein. Rugae folds in the stomach allow it to expand
  • chyme flows into the small intestine and nutrients is absorbed by villi.
  • H2O is absorbed by large intestine. large intestine also stores feces
  • liver produces bile, which goes into small intestine and breaks down lipids/fats
  • gallbladder stores excess bile
  • pancreas produces enzymes that go into the small intestine
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2
Q

order of parts in the small intestine-

A

duodenum, jejunum, illeum.

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3
Q

mechanical digestion

A

foods physically broken down into smaller pieces

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4
Q

chemical digestion

A

foods broken down with chemicals

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5
Q

greater omentum

A

double layered fold of the peritoneal membrane that goes over the transverse colon and fold of the small intestine

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6
Q

pancreas

A

organ that produces enzymes and sodium bicarbonate

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7
Q

stomach

A

organ that contains hydrochloric acid and the enzyme pepsin

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8
Q

large intestine

A

removes water from the undigested material and stores feces

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9
Q

liver

A

organ that produces bile

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10
Q

bile

A

a fluid made of lipids and salts that dissolves fats in fatty foods)

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11
Q

gallbladder

A

organ that stores bile

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12
Q

peristalsis

A

involuntary muscle contractions

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13
Q

enzyme

A

biological catalyst or a protein that speeds up chemical reactions (your metabolism)

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14
Q

amylase

A

enzyme in saliva that breaks down starches into sugars

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15
Q

pepsin

A

enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller fragments; needs an acidic environment

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16
Q

chyme

A

mixture of acid and food in the stomach

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17
Q

Bacteria

A

unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls

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18
Q

virus

A

particles of nucleic acid, protein, and in some cases lipids that can reproduce only by infecting living cells; composed of a core of either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat

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19
Q

capsid

A

a virus’ outer protein coat that enables a virus to bind to the surface of a cell and ‘trick’ it into allowing it inside

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20
Q

bacteriophage

A

viruses that infect bacteria

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21
Q

lytic infection

A

a virus enters a cell, makes copies of itself, and causes the cell to burst

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22
Q

lysogenic infection

A

a virus embeds its DNA into the DNA of the host cells and is replicated along with the host cell’s DNA

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23
Q

antibiotic

A

compounds that kill bacteria

24
Q

epidemiology

A

the science that evaluates the occurrence, determinants, distribution, and control of health and disease in a human population

25
Q

antigen

A

a substance on the surface of cells or curses that can trigger the immune response; ex- carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids on viruses or bacteria

26
Q

humoral immunity

A

immunity against pathogens in the body fluids (blood); it results in the formation of antibodies

27
Q

b lymphocytes

A

white blood cell that produces antibodies

28
Q

antibody

A

a protein that helps destroy pathogens (viruses and bacteria) by binding to antigens and it has two antigen-binding sites

29
Q

cell mediated immunity

A

an immune response in which killer T cells attack antigen-bearing cells directly

30
Q

organ rejection

A

immune system damages and destroys the transplanted organ because marker proteins on the transplanted organs are foreign

31
Q

vaccination

A

injection of a weakened or mile form of a pathogen to produce immunity; results in the production of specific types of antibodies

32
Q

passive immunity

A

lasts only a short time because the body destroys borrowed antibodies

33
Q

maternal immunity

A

antibodies from the mother are passed to the infant in mothers milk

34
Q

herd immunity

A

occurs when a large portion of a community because immune to a disease

35
Q

cholera

A

a bacterial infection of the intestines that causes diarrhea ; john snow investigated outbreaks of this disease in london

36
Q

lyme disease

A

most common tick borne disease in the US

37
Q

typhoid fever

A

caused by salmonella enterica(bacteria) which colonize the small intestine and spread to the blood, liver, and gallbladder

38
Q

black death

A

kills 60% of europes total population in the 14th century; the vector was a flea

39
Q

tetanus

A

spores enter skin wounds and release neurotoxins, resulting in uncontrolled stimulation of skeletal muscles

40
Q

tuberculosis

A

direct cause of death over half of all aids patients worldwide

41
Q

first antibiotic

A

penicillin

42
Q

first epidemiologist

A

john snow

43
Q

first vaccine

A

cow pox

44
Q

most important nonspecific organ

A

skin

45
Q

inflammatory response -what happens?

A

blood vessels become larger and white blood cells engulf bad bacteria at the wound site. Fever kills off bacteria

46
Q

coronavirus- RNA or DNA?

A

RNA

47
Q

what covers surface of COVID-19

A

spike proteins

48
Q

how does mRNA vaccine work against COVID

A

mRNA gives cells instructions for making the spoke protein of COVID. Cells display the spoke protein which triggers the immune system to make antibodies

49
Q

where are t and b cells produces

A

red bone marrow

50
Q

site of differentiation - T cells

A

thymus

51
Q

site of differentiation - B cells

A

red bone marrow

52
Q

primary locations of T Cells

A

lymphatic tissues- 70-80% of the circulatory lymphocytes

53
Q

primary locations of B Cells

A

lymphatic tissues - 20-30% of the circulatory lymphocytes

54
Q

primary functions of T Cells

A

cell mediated immunity in which T cells interact directly with the antigens

55
Q

primary locations of B Cells

A

provides humoral immunity in which the B cells interact indirectly producing antibodies that destroy the antigen

56
Q

3 types of antibodies and where they are in the body

A

lg G- plasma and tissue fluids
lg M- breast milk, tears
lg M- blood plasma

57
Q

3 shapes of bacteria cells

A

cocci (circle), spirilla (spiral), bacilli( rod)

Grade 12- Semester Two (10 decks)

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