Digestive System and Immune System

Question 1

Steps of the digestive system

Answer 1

• food is broken down by teeth and the amylase enzyme breaks down sugars in saliva
• food moves down the esophagus by the process of peristalsis. the cardiac sphincter closes the esophagus
• HCL in the stomach mixes with food and makes chyme. Pepsin in the stomach breaks down protein. Rugae folds in the stomach allow it to expand
• chyme flows into the small intestine and nutrients is absorbed by villi.
• H2O is absorbed by large intestine. large intestine also stores feces
• liver produces bile, which goes into small intestine and breaks down lipids/fats
• gallbladder stores excess bile
• pancreas produces enzymes that go into the small intestine

Question 2

order of parts in the small intestine-

Answer 2

duodenum, jejunum, illeum.

Question 3

mechanical digestion

Answer 3

foods physically broken down into smaller pieces

Question 4

chemical digestion

Answer 4

foods broken down with chemicals

Question 5

greater omentum

Answer 5

double layered fold of the peritoneal membrane that goes over the transverse colon and fold of the small intestine

Question 6

pancreas

Answer 6

organ that produces enzymes and sodium bicarbonate

Question 7

stomach

Answer 7

organ that contains hydrochloric acid and the enzyme pepsin

Question 8

large intestine

Answer 8

removes water from the undigested material and stores feces

Question 9

liver

Answer 9

organ that produces bile

Question 10

bile

Answer 10

a fluid made of lipids and salts that dissolves fats in fatty foods)

Question 11

gallbladder

Answer 11

organ that stores bile

Question 12

peristalsis

Answer 12

involuntary muscle contractions

Question 13

enzyme

Answer 13

biological catalyst or a protein that speeds up chemical reactions (your metabolism)

Question 14

amylase

Answer 14

enzyme in saliva that breaks down starches into sugars

Question 15

pepsin

Answer 15

enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller fragments; needs an acidic environment

Question 16

chyme

Answer 16

mixture of acid and food in the stomach

Question 17

Bacteria

Answer 17

unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls

Question 18

virus

Answer 18

particles of nucleic acid, protein, and in some cases lipids that can reproduce only by infecting living cells; composed of a core of either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat

Question 19

capsid

Answer 19

a virus’ outer protein coat that enables a virus to bind to the surface of a cell and ‘trick’ it into allowing it inside

Question 20

bacteriophage

Answer 20

viruses that infect bacteria

Question 21

lytic infection

Answer 21

a virus enters a cell, makes copies of itself, and causes the cell to burst

Question 22

lysogenic infection

Answer 22

a virus embeds its DNA into the DNA of the host cells and is replicated along with the host cell’s DNA

Question 23

antibiotic

Answer 23

compounds that kill bacteria

Question 24

epidemiology

Answer 24

the science that evaluates the occurrence, determinants, distribution, and control of health and disease in a human population

Question 25

antigen

Answer 25

a substance on the surface of cells or curses that can trigger the immune response; ex- carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids on viruses or bacteria

Question 26

humoral immunity

Answer 26

immunity against pathogens in the body fluids (blood); it results in the formation of antibodies

Question 27

b lymphocytes

Answer 27

white blood cell that produces antibodies

Question 28

antibody

Answer 28

a protein that helps destroy pathogens (viruses and bacteria) by binding to antigens and it has two antigen-binding sites

Question 29

cell mediated immunity

Answer 29

an immune response in which killer T cells attack antigen-bearing cells directly

Question 30

organ rejection

Answer 30

immune system damages and destroys the transplanted organ because marker proteins on the transplanted organs are foreign

Question 31

vaccination

Answer 31

injection of a weakened or mile form of a pathogen to produce immunity; results in the production of specific types of antibodies

Question 32

passive immunity

Answer 32

lasts only a short time because the body destroys borrowed antibodies

Question 33

maternal immunity

Answer 33

antibodies from the mother are passed to the infant in mothers milk

Question 34

herd immunity

Answer 34

occurs when a large portion of a community because immune to a disease

Question 35

cholera

Answer 35

a bacterial infection of the intestines that causes diarrhea ; john snow investigated outbreaks of this disease in london

Question 36

lyme disease

Answer 36

most common tick borne disease in the US

Question 37

typhoid fever

Answer 37

caused by salmonella enterica(bacteria) which colonize the small intestine and spread to the blood, liver, and gallbladder

Question 38

black death

Answer 38

kills 60% of europes total population in the 14th century; the vector was a flea

Question 39

tetanus

Answer 39

spores enter skin wounds and release neurotoxins, resulting in uncontrolled stimulation of skeletal muscles

Question 40

tuberculosis

Answer 40

direct cause of death over half of all aids patients worldwide

Question 41

first antibiotic

Answer 41

penicillin

Question 42

first epidemiologist

Answer 42

john snow

Question 43

first vaccine

Answer 43

cow pox

Question 44

most important nonspecific organ

Answer 44

skin

Question 45

inflammatory response -what happens?

Answer 45

blood vessels become larger and white blood cells engulf bad bacteria at the wound site. Fever kills off bacteria

Question 46

coronavirus- RNA or DNA?

Answer 46

RNA

Question 47

what covers surface of COVID-19

Answer 47

spike proteins

Question 48

how does mRNA vaccine work against COVID

Answer 48

mRNA gives cells instructions for making the spoke protein of COVID. Cells display the spoke protein which triggers the immune system to make antibodies

Question 49

where are t and b cells produces

Answer 49

red bone marrow

Question 50

site of differentiation - T cells

Answer 50

thymus

Question 51

site of differentiation - B cells

Answer 51

red bone marrow

Question 52

primary locations of T Cells

Answer 52

lymphatic tissues- 70-80% of the circulatory lymphocytes

Question 53

primary locations of B Cells

Answer 53

lymphatic tissues - 20-30% of the circulatory lymphocytes

Question 54

primary functions of T Cells

Answer 54

cell mediated immunity in which T cells interact directly with the antigens

Question 55

primary locations of B Cells

Answer 55

provides humoral immunity in which the B cells interact indirectly producing antibodies that destroy the antigen

Question 56

3 types of antibodies and where they are in the body

Answer 56

lg G- plasma and tissue fluids lg M- breast milk, tears lg M- blood plasma

Question 57

3 shapes of bacteria cells

Answer 57

cocci (circle), spirilla (spiral), bacilli( rod)