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Physiology I > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Male/female commonalities

A

Gamete formation and hypothalamic/pituitary control of reproduction

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2
Q

Gametogenesis

A

Each has 23 chromosomes and is formed by meiosis

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3
Q

Mitosis vs meiosis

A

Mitosis: somatic cells and has 1 DNA replication/cell division
Meiosis: Gametes and has 1 DNA replication/2 cell divisions and has a recombination

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4
Q

Meiosis 1 and 2

A

1) divides # of chromosomes

2) divides sister chromatids (similar to mitosis)

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5
Q

Hypothalamic pituitary control

A

Regulated by negative feedback

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6
Q

GnRH

A

Secreted in pulses from neuroendocrine cells in the hypothalamus to release LH or FSH

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7
Q

GnRH pulsatility

A

Low-frequency GnRH is FSH, high-frequency GnRH is LH. Pulsatility changes during development

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8
Q

Testes

A

A primary endocrine gland in males that produces sperm

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9
Q

Vas deference

A

Recieve empty secretions from the seminal vesicles and passes through the prostate

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10
Q

Male urethra

A

Shared by the urinary and reproductive system

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11
Q

Sertoli cells

A

Support sperm development by absorbing nutrients and putting waste in the blood

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12
Q

Leydig cells

A

Interstitial cells that secrete testosterone

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13
Q

Blood-testies barrier

A

Made of tight-junctions to ensure blood cells and immune cells don’t come in contact with sperm

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14
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Occurs in seminiferous tubule near Sertoli cells.

1) A spermatogonium divides via mitosis and stays to produce more and other undergoes meiosis (primary spermatocyte)
2) spermatocyte travels through tight junctions and creates 4 spermatids after meiosis II
3) spermatids mature to spermatozoa

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15
Q

Spermatozoa structure

A

Nucleus takes up most of the cell, acrosome head contains enzymes to breakdown egg coat, mitochondria at tail for swimming

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16
Q

Sperm pathway

A

Vas deferens > past seminal vesicles > past prostate > bulbourethral glands > outside

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17
Q

Semen contents (5)

A

1) 1% spermatozoa
2) Mucous (lubricant)
3) buffers
4) nutrients
5) prostaglandins (smooth muscle contraction)

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18
Q

Semen transfer regulation

A

PSNS causes penile arterioles to dilate and cause an erection. SNS inhibits this

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19
Q

Inhibin

A

Secreted by testies and stimulates negative regulation of FSH

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20
Q

FSH and LH

A

FSH: stimulates Sertoli cells which secretes androgen-binding proteins
LH: stimulates Leydig cells which secretes testosterone

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21
Q

Testosterone synthesis

A

Cholesterol > progesterone > testosterone

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22
Q

Testosterone as a precursor

A

Aromatase > estradiol

5 alpha-reductase > DHT

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23
Q

Testosterone functions

A

Promotes spermatogenesis, maintain reproductive tract, increases sex drive, feedback on GnRH, LH, FSH, etc

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24
Q

5 alpha reductase inhibitors

A

Can be used to treat benign prostate enlargement and male pattern baldness

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25
Q

Oogenesis (fetal stage)

A

Primordial germ cells go through mitosis and become oogonia. Oogonia enter meiosis I but cell division doesn’t occur

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26
Q

Oogenesis (puberty)

A

One primary oocyte completes meiosis I and enters meiosis II to become a secondary oocyte every 28 days.

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27
Q

Oogenesis (ovulation)

A

Released oocyte from meiosis II receives more cytoplasm than polar body and completes meiosis II if fertilized to become a secondary oocyte

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28
Q

Oogenesis and spermatogenesis

A

Oogenesis has asymmetric cell division, only one secondary oocyte from each oogonium, limited duration, limited number of primary oocytes

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29
Q

Oocyte maturation

A

Primary follicles surround oocytes in stasis until puberty, maturation recruits 5-10 follicles (1 matures) and the rest die

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30
Q

Granulosa cells

A

In follicles and surround the oocyte to support development

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31
Q

Theca cells

A

Secrete steroid hormone precursors

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32
Q

Menstrual cycle components

A

Ovarian and uterine cycles. Follow hormonal fluctuations (28 days)

33
Q

Ovarian cycle summary

A

First half is the follicular phase (1-14), second half is the luteal phase (15-28)

34
Q

Uterine cycle summary

A

Menses phase (1-5), proliferative phase (5-14), secretory phase (14-28)

35
Q

Menses phase

A

Blood vessels supplying endometrium constrict and shed the lining. Decreased progesterone and estrogen

36
Q

Proliferative phase

A

Endometrium thickens as blood supply is re-established. Estrogen increases

37
Q

Secretory phase

A

Glands in the endometrium secrete viscous fluid. Increased progesterone and estrogen

38
Q

Estrogen release

A

Follicles make estrogen, so more is increased during the follicular phase and luteal phase

39
Q

Progesterone release/ function

A

Low during follicular phase, spikes after ovulation. Increases pituitary sensitivity to GnRH

40
Q

Early to mid-follicular phase

A

1) LH stimulates release of androgens from theca cells
2) FSH stimulates estrogen from granulosa cells
3) Granulosa cells secrete AMH to prevent follicle recruitment
4) estrogens exert positive feedback on granulosa and negative on FSH and LH

41
Q

Late follicular phase

A

1) tertiary follicle present to secrete inhibin (inhibits FSH), progesterone and estrogen. High estrogen increases GnRH pulse frequency (causes LH to trigger meiosis I completion)

42
Q

Early to mid-luteal phase

A

Drop in LH and FSH. Corpus luteum releases progesterone, inhibin and estrogens. Progesterone increase and estrogen inhibit GnRH

43
Q

Late Luteal phase

A

Occurs when no fertilization occurs. Drop in progesterone, estrogen and inhibin due to corpus Albicans. GnRH turns on again

44
Q

Androstenedione synthesis

A

Made by theca cells and triggered by LH.

45
Q

Androstenedione as a precursor

A

Converted to estrone by aromatase and eventually estradiol in granulosa cells

46
Q

Estrogen functions

A

Promote follicular development, endometrium growth, negative feedback on GnRH, etc

47
Q

Adrenal Androgens

A

Increase sex drive and cause pubic hair growth

48
Q

Menopause

A

End of the female reproductive cycle. Ovaries can’t respond to FSH and LH, estradiol and progesterone levels fall, no negative feedback for FSH and LH increase

49
Q

Fertilization

A

Sperm guided by chemotaxis (progesterone around oocyte) tunnel through oocyte barriers and fuse with it

50
Q

Acrosomal reaction

A

Sperm docks on oocyte and depolarizes it, triggering the completion of meiotic division and fusion of egg and sperm nuclei

51
Q

Trophoblast

A

Precursor to the embryo and other structures such as placenta. Secretes hCG

52
Q

hCG function

A

Maintains the corpus luteum to prevent the next menstrual cycle. Stimulates fetal testis. Basis of pregnancy tests

53
Q

Placenta role

A

Preforms digestive, respiratory and renal system in fetus and exchanges nutrients/waste

54
Q

Maternal vasculature

A

Not linked to fetal vasculature, maternal blood forms a lacuna and fetal chorionic villi transfer materials

55
Q

Progesterone in pregnancy

A

Suppresses uterine contractions, cervical plug, mammary gland development

56
Q

Estrogen in pregnancy

A

Uterine development, breast duct development, etc

57
Q

Human placental lactogen

A

High in mother, low in fetus. Decreases maternal glucose uptake and enhances maternal lipolysis

58
Q

First trimester

A

0-12 weeks, embryo development

59
Q

Second trimester

A

12-28 weeks, fetal development

60
Q

Third trimester

A

28 weeks to delivery (37-42 weeks)

61
Q

Maternal adaptation to pregnancy

A

Increased vasopressin, increased cardiovascular output, partially suppressed immune system, hyperparathyroidism

62
Q

Relaxin

A

Released before labour from the ovary and placenta to loosen ligaments in the pelvis

63
Q

Labour trigger

A

Increased estrogen/oxytocin receptors in uterus, increased fetal cortisol, CRH and prostaglandins

64
Q

Labour mechanism

A

Positive feedback loop caused by cervical strecth

65
Q

Prolactin

A

Stimulates epithelial milk-producing cells after labour. Released from pituitary

66
Q

Oxytocin and breast milk

A

Contracts myoepithelial cells to release milk from cells. Released from pituitary

67
Q

Breast milk inhibition

A

Estrogen and progesterone inhibit milk production. Prolactin inhibitory hormone from hypothalamus downregulates prolactin

68
Q

Fetal development at 6 weeks

A

Bipotential primordial can develop into ovaries or testies based on sex chromosomes

69
Q

XX development

A

Mullerian duct becomes female structures. Absence of AMH allows this to occur. Wolffian duct regresses

70
Q

XY development

A

Wolffian duct turns into male reproductive structure due to testosterone presence. AMH secreted

71
Q

SRY

A

Gene only on Y chromosome that encodes TDF (testes-determining factor) and SOX9. Needed for male phenotype

72
Q

SOX9

A

Transcribes SF1 and AMH for Sertoli, Leydig and testes development

73
Q

Sertoli cells in sex differentiation

A

Secrete SMH

74
Q

Leydig cells in sex differentiation

A

Secrete testosterone for Wolffian development.

75
Q

DHT synthesis/function

A

Testosterone turned into DHT by 5-alpha reductase. Forms external male genitalia

76
Q

B-catenin

A

Suppresses SOX9 expression for the development of female tissues

77
Q

Atypical androgen synthesis in XY

A

Can’t made hormones due to 5-alpha reductase deficiency. No external male genitalia

78
Q

Androgen insensitivity

A

Causes testosterone receptors to not function properly. Also results in no testosterone derivatives

79
Q

What are androgens

A

Hormones that play a role in male traits and reproductive activity. Present in both sexes

Physiology I (6 decks)

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