Endocrinology S2

Question 1

Posterior pituitary function

Answer 1

Secretes hypothalamic hormones such as oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH). It is not an endocrine gland

Question 2

Anterior pituitary function

Answer 2

An endocrine gland that secretes and synthesizes its own hormones

Question 3

What are epiphyseal growth plates?

Answer 3

Cartilage on long bonds that create new bone and eventually become actual bone in adults

Question 4

Cartilage cells name

Answer 4

Chondrocytes

Question 5

Chondrocyte mechanism

Answer 5

Divide to add length to bone and disintegrate as we age, becoming replaced by osteoblasts

Question 6

Growth hormone

Answer 6

A peptide hormone made and released by the anterior pituitary. Release stimulated by GHRH from the hypothalamus

Question 7

Growth hormone function

Answer 7

Stimulates IGF-1 in the liver for cartilage growth and bone formation

Question 8

IGF-1 mechanism

Answer 8

Acts on chondrocytes to increase recruitment, proliferation and cartilage matrix

Question 9

GH catabolic actions

Answer 9

1) breaks down materials to make bone
2) stimulates glycolysis for energy
3) increases AA uptake to decrease apoptosis

Question 10

Hormones for growth (5)

Answer 10

1) GH and IGF-1
2) thyroid hormones
3) insulin
4) sex steroid
5) cortisol (for energy)

Question 11

Gigantism

Answer 11

Bones get longer from too much GH in childhood

Question 12

Acromegaly

Answer 12

Bone and skin thickening due to too much GH in adulthood

Question 13

Thyroid follicles

Answer 13

Contain colloid and C cells and contain vesicles of thyroglobulin which use iodine to make a precursor of thyroid hormone

Question 14

C cells

Answer 14

Secrete calcium and aren’t involved in hormone function

Question 15

Thyroid peroxidase

Answer 15

Adds iodine to tyrosine on thyroglobulin to make thyroid hormone precursors

Question 16

Thyroid hormones and iodine composition

Answer 16

1) T3 made from MIT and DIT (3 iodines)

2) T4 made from DIT and DIT (4 iodines)

Question 17

TRH

Answer 17

Trytoptopin releasing hormone and is secreted by the hypothalamus to ant pit to release TSH

Question 18

TSH

Answer 18

Thyroid-stimulating hormone, a peptide hormone that activates GCPRs

Question 19

TSH mechanism

Answer 19

Released from ant pit and releases T4 and T3 and is stimulated by TRH

Question 20

Thyroid hormone mechanism

Answer 20

T3 and T4 circulate blood bound to proteins and bind to nuclear thyroid receptors to alter gene transcription

Question 21

Thyroid hormone functions

Answer 21

increase metabolic functions, enhance speeching and thinking, works with GH, increases heart rate, etc

Question 22

Hyperthyroidism

Answer 22

Thyroid hormone excess causing weight loss, goitre (large gland) and treated by blocking T3/4 or gland removal

Question 23

Graves’ Disease

Answer 23

Autoimmune disease against TSH receptor causing the receptor to always be on. Causes goitre

Question 24

Hypothyroidism

Answer 24

Thyroid deficiency due to lack of iodine/under-active gland. Causes goitre, low HR, slowed speech, stunted growth, weight gain, etc

Question 25

Iodine deficiency

Answer 25

Unable to produce T4/T3 and causes goitre due to excess TSH and TRH secretion (no negative feedback)