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Physiology I > CNS S1 > Flashcards

CNS S1 Flashcards

1
Q

CNS

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

PNS

A

Made up of neurons and parts of neurons outside of CNS. Somatic and autonomic nervous system

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3
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Controls voluntary action via skeletal muscle

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4
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Visceral functions such as heart rate, breathing, digestion (enteric nervous system)

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5
Q

How many nervous are in the CNS/PNS

A

86 billion in brain, 1 billion in spinal cord. 100-600 million in PNS

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6
Q

CNS and CSF route

A

3rd ventricle between lateral ventricles > 4th ventricle > central canal

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7
Q

Grey matter

A

Nerve cell bodies, unmyelinated axons and dendrites

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8
Q

Cell body organization

A

Organized in clusters called nuclei

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9
Q

White matter

A

Myelinated axons running in bundles called tracts

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10
Q

PNS neuron clusters and axons nomenclature

A

Clusters of neurons are ganglia and bundles of axons are nerves

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11
Q

How many neurons are fired at any moment?

A

4%, only one AP fires every 6s in the cortex

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12
Q

Spinal cord

A

31 segments, each with a pair of spinal nerves

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13
Q

Dorsal root

A

Carries afferent (incoming sensory) signals

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14
Q

Ventral root

A

Carries efferent (outgoing) motor signals from CNS to body

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15
Q

Grey matter in the spinal cord

A

Mainly in the middle and consists of a dorsal and ventral horn. Have motor and sensory nuclei

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16
Q

Dorsal horn

A

Contain sensory nuclei. Somatic nuclei get signals from skin, visceral nuclei get signals from internal organs

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17
Q

Ventral horn

A

Efferent nuclei. Autonomic send commands to glands and smooth muscle, somatic to skeletal muscle

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18
Q

White matter in spinal cord + tract components (3)

A

Consist of tracts

1) ascending tracts: sensory signals to brain (dorsal)
2) descending tracts: signals from brain (ventral)
3) propriospinal: stay in spinal cord

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19
Q

Brain stem

A

Medulla, pons and midbrain Control centre for many autonomic functions and reflexes.

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20
Q

Cranial nerves

A

Nerves that enter or leave the brain. 3-10 and 12 are in brain stem

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21
Q

Diencephalon

A

Made up of thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary and pineal gland

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22
Q

Thalamus and hypothalamus

A

Thalamus: processes information to and from cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus: regulates behaviour and endocrine/autonomic homeostasis

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23
Q

Cerebrum

A

2 hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum

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24
Q

Cerebral grey matter

A

Cortex, limbic system (motivation and memory) and basal ganglia (movement)

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25
Q

Left and right hemisphere functions

A

left: speech, writing, language, math
right: analysis by touch, spatial analysis

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26
Q

Limbic system

A

Cingulate gyrus, amygdala, hippocampus

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27
Q

Senses

A

9 senses. 5 special and 4 somatic

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28
Q

Special senses

A

Vision, hearing, equilibrium, taste, smell. Have a sense organ that isn’t skin

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29
Q

Somatic senses

A

Touch, temperature, proprioception and nociception (pain and itch)

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30
Q

Transduction

A

The process of converting stimuli into electrical signals

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31
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Respond to specific molecules or ions

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32
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Respond to mechanical energy such as pressure, vibration, gravity, sound

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33
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Respond to light

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34
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Temperature

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35
Q

Perceptual threshold

A

The weakest stimulus that will cause conscious perception in the organism

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36
Q

Labelled lines modality

A

The modality is revealed by which axons carry the signal

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37
Q

Population coding of intensity

A

Represents stimulus intensity by the number of active neurons

38
Q

Phasic cells

A

Respond briefly to any change and then cease firing. Ex, retinal cells

39
Q

Tonic cells

A

Maintain activity when the stimulus isn’t changing

40
Q

Phasic-tonic

A

React to change but don’t return all the way to zero firing when stimulus is constant

41
Q

Temporal changes

A

Changes through time, between one moment and the next

42
Q

Spatial changes

A

Differences between neighbouring regions in space

43
Q

Edges

A

Edges convey information between two different areas conveying different stimuli. Can be accentuated by lateral inhibition

44
Q

Thalamus exception

A

Olfactory pathways are the only ones that don’t project through thalamus

45
Q

Equilibrium pathways

A

Project mainly to the cerebellum

46
Q

Lens

A

Transparent disk that focuses light and is suspended by ligaments called zonules

47
Q

Anterior chamber

A

The front of the lens and is filled with aqueous humour

48
Q

Vitreous chamber

A

Filled with a vitreous body which helps maintain eye shape

49
Q

Cornea

A

Transparent bulge at the front of the eye that is continuous with the sclera. Lights enter through cornea

50
Q

Pupil

A

A hole in the iris that changes in response to light. Controlled by the pupillary muscle

51
Q

Refraction

A

Allows us to obtain a bright, infocus image. The bending of light.

52
Q

Refractive index

A

Light bends when it enters a different medium. Air and collagen of the eye are different so light bends to make a right angle

53
Q

Lens composition

A

Mesh of long cells without nuclei, packed by crystallin proteins

54
Q

Convex lens

A

Fatter in the middle and thinner at edges. Makes light converge at a focal point

55
Q

Concave lenses

A

Thinner in the middle and fatter at edges. Disperse light

56
Q

Accommodation

A

The process of changing the lens to alter the amount of refraction. Round lens bends light more, closer focal point. Skinnier lens bends light less, further focal point

57
Q

Focal point

A

Must fall on the retina. To bring a closer object into focus, the lens is rounder

58
Q

Ciliary muscle

A

Ring-shaped. Parasympathetic nerves contract the ring, making lens rounder and sympathetic signals relax the muscle, making lens flatter

59
Q

Presbyopia

A

Lens stiffening, hindering accommodation

60
Q

Hyperopia

A

Far-sightedness caused by focal point falling behind retina. Convex lens fixes it

61
Q

Myopia

A

Near-sightedness caused by a focal point in front of the retina. Solved by a concave lens

62
Q

How many cones and rods are in the retina

A

6 million cones and 120 million rods

63
Q

Structure of rods and cones

A

Outer segment: disk-like layers of membrane that contain visual pigment
Inner segment: contains nucleus and organelles
Basal layer: found in inner segment and contain synapse

64
Q

Photoreceptor mechanism

A

Pigment molecules change shape when light hits, hyperpolarizing the cells and reducing glutamate

65
Q

Pigment in rods and cones

A

Rhodopsin in rods, 3 other pigments in 3 types of cones

66
Q

Photoreceptor distribtuion

A

Most densely packed in the macula found in the fovea

67
Q

Cones vs rods

A

Cones are for bright light, rods are for dim. Cones are less sensitive and can distinguish colours

68
Q

Cone and rod distribution

A

Cones are almost exclusively in the fovea, peripheral retina contains rods

69
Q

Bipolar cells

A

Have center-surround receptive fields, with a round center region and.a hoop surround

70
Q

On-center cells

A

Excited by light in the center of the field, inhibited by light in the surround

71
Q

Off-center cells

A

Inhibited by light in the center and excited by light in the surround

72
Q

Bipolar cell projection

A

Project onto retinal ganglion cells which have center-surround receptive fields

73
Q

Magnocellular ganglion cells

A

Provide information used by the brain to infer movement of objects. Phasic

74
Q

Parvocellular ganglion cells

A

Provide information used to infer form and fine detail

75
Q

Melanopsin ganglion cells

A

Photoreceptors with their own visual pigment, melanopsin

76
Q

Optic nerve

A

Cranial nerve II. When each nerve reaches the optic chiasm, half cross to the other side of the brain (nasal half)

77
Q

Why do optic fibers cross

A

For information from the right hemifield to come together in the left cerebral hemisphere and vice versa

78
Q

Optic tracts

A

Nerve bundles emerging from the chiasm and end in the 2 lateral geniculate nuclei in the thalamus

79
Q

What wavelengths do humans see

A

400nm (violet) to 700nm (red) and powerful infrared light

80
Q

Three types of cones

A

Red, green and blue

81
Q

Blue cones

A

Peak at 420nm and prefer blue light

82
Q

Rhodopsin

A

Peak at 498nm and prefers blue-green light. Doesn’t contribute to colour vision

83
Q

Green cones

A

Peaks at 533nm and prefers yellow-green light

84
Q

Red cones

A

Peak at 564m, and prefers yellow light

85
Q

Spectral colours

A

Colours that can be evoked by a light of a single wavelength (rainbow colours)

86
Q

Extraspectral colours

A

Can only be evoked by a mix of wavelength

87
Q

R + G cells

A

Ganglion cells excited by red and green to make yellow

88
Q

R - G cells

A

Ganglion cells excited by red and inhibited by green

89
Q

B - R - G cells

A

Excited by blue and inhibited by red or green

90
Q

Daltonism

A

Red-green colourblindness. Rarely occurs in women

91
Q

Reflectance

A

A surfaces tendency to reflect a certain wavelength of light and absorb others. Doesn’t change

Physiology I (6 decks)

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