Reproductive System

Question 1

What ploidy are gametes?

Answer 1

haploid

Question 2

Where are gametes produced?

Answer 2

the gonads - testes (male) and ovaries (female)

Question 3

Is a zygote haploid or diploid?

Answer 3

Diploid as gametes of the opposite sex have combined to produce a cell with a full complement of chromosomes

Question 4

During normal fertilisation the ovum moves from where to where?

Answer 4

the ovary to the ampulla of the uterine (fallopian) tube

Question 5

During normal fertilisation the (many) spermatozoa move from where to where?

Answer 5

testis to vagina

Question 6

Where is the pelvic cavity found?

Answer 6

Within the bony pelvis, between the pelvic inlet and pelvic outlet - it is continuous with the abdominal cavity

Question 7

What is the pelvic floor?

Answer 7

Internal wall of skeletal muscle (voluntary) that separates the pelvic cavity and perineum

Question 8

Where is the perineum?

Answer 8

Inferior to the pelvic floor, between proximal parts of the lower limbs

Question 9

What types of openings are there in the pelvic floor?

Answer 9

Distal alimentary (anus), reproductive (eg vagina) and renal (urethra) tracts

Question 10

What is the pelvic roof made of?

Answer 10

Parental peritoneum

Question 11

What is parental peritoneum?

Answer 11

The lining of the abdominal cavity that is firmly attached to walls and drapes over pelvic viscera

Question 12

What is the most inferior part of the peritoneal cavity in an upright female?

Answer 12

Pouch of Douglas /rectouterine pouch

Question 13

How many pouches are in the female peritoneal cavity?

Answer 13

2 - pouch of Douglas and vesico-uterine pouch

Question 14

How many pouches are in the male peritoneal cavity?

Answer 14

1 - recto-vesicle pouch

Question 15

What are the female reproductive organs?

Answer 15

Ovaries

Question 16

What are the female accessory reproductive organs?

Answer 16

Uterine tubes, uterus and vagina

Question 17

How many layers does the body of the uterus have?

Answer 17

3

Question 18

What are the 3 layers of the body of the uterus?

Answer 18

perimetrium (peri - around the outside), myometrium (myo - thick muscular/elastic) and endometrium (endo - internal)

Question 19

Stages of menstruation

Answer 19

1. ova develops in ovaries
2. each cycle, 1 ovum is released from ovary surface into the peritoneal cavity
3. ovum is gathered by fimbriae into infundibulum of uterine tube
4. moved along uterine tube by cilia
5. the unfertilised ovum is expelled by myometrium contraction

Question 20

Where does implantation occur?

Answer 20

The body of the uterus

Question 21

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

Answer 21

When the fertilised ovum implants out-with the uterine cavity

Question 22

Where do the majority of ectopic pregnancies happen?

Answer 22

uterine tubes (97%) also in abdominal pregnancy

Question 23

What is the danger of an ectopic pregnancy?

Answer 23

Potential haemorrhage

Question 24

How are females sterilised? describe

Answer 24

Tubal ligation of both uterine tubes by clipping, cutting or cauterisation, which blocks the lumen.

Question 25

What is the function(s) of the male urethra?

Answer 25

Passing urine and ejaculation of sperm

Question 26

Describe the steps of testes development

Answer 26

1. during fetal development the testis originate of the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity 2. by birth they have descended into the scrotum through the abdominal wall (inguinal canal) 3. the tube that sperm pass through (the vas deferens) follows the testis into the scrotum 4. the vas connects the testis (almost) to the urethra

Question 27

Where is sperm produced?

Answer 27

the seminiferous tubules in the testes

Question 28

What temperature is required for sperm production?

Answer 28

temperature around 1c below core body temp, which is controlled by dartos muscles.

Question 29

How many sperm are produced in a second?

Answer 29

1500

Question 30

How long does it take sperm to mature?

Answer 30

64 days

Question 31

How does the sperm get from the seminiferous tubules to the vas?

Answer 31

First to the rete testis, then into the head of the epididymis, then to the tail of the epididymis which becomes the vas deferens.

Question 32

What does the spermatic cord contain?

Answer 32

vas deferens, testicular artery and pampiniform plexus of veins

Question 33

What does torsion of testis lead to?

Answer 33

twisting of spermatic cord, which disrupts blood supply causing severe pain and danger of testicular necrosis

Question 34

What happens during erection?

Answer 34

3 cylinders of erectile tissue become filled with blood at arterial pressure

Question 35

What are the male reproductive organ?

Answer 35

testes

Question 36

What are the male accessory reproductive organs?

Answer 36

vas deferens, seminal glands, prostate gland and penis

Question 37

Where are the testes located?

Answer 37

The scrotum

Question 38

Where does sperm go via when passing from testis to vagina?

Answer 38

vas deferens

Question 39

Where does the spermatic cord pass through?

Answer 39

the anterior abdominal wall through the inguinal canal to reach the pelvic cavity

Question 40

What is semen composed of?

Answer 40

Sperm and seminal fluid

Question 41

How are semen filled ejaculatory ducts formed?

Answer 41

when the vas deferen connects with the duct from the seminal gland

Question 42

What drains into the urethra in males?

Answer 42

the right and left ejaculatory ducts and the prostate gland

Question 43

Where does the urethra open in males?

Answer 43

at the external urethra meatus of the penis

Question 44

How are males sterilised?

Answer 44

Vasectomy - the vas deferens is transected and its lumen is sutured closed (bilaterally)