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MD2001 Week 6 > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is each teste surrounded by?

A

Tunica vaginalis

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2
Q

Where does the sperm pass?

A

Passes from tubules to the epididymis

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3
Q

What is the scrotum made from?

A

Rugose and contains smooth muscle

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4
Q

What divides the two sides of the scrotum?

A

Midline raphne made from septum

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5
Q

Where do the ovaries lie?

A

Lateral pelvic wall

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6
Q

Where does the ovary ovulate into?

A

Peritoneal cavity where the ovum is picked up by the fimbriated end of the uterine tube

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7
Q

What is the uterus held in place?

A

Fascial thickenings and uterine ligaments

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8
Q

What is the function of gonads?

A

Production of “seed” cells

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9
Q

What are gonadal hormones involved in?

A

Gamete production

Supporting conception

Pregnancy

Lactation

Affect bone, muscle and blood vessels

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10
Q

What process are used to produce eggs and sperm?

A

Oogenesis

Spermatogenesis

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11
Q

What are the hormones associated with the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis?

A

Hypothalamic signalling hormone

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Pituitary hormones

Luteinising hormone

Follicle stimulating hormone

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12
Q

What do the hormones from the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis target in males and females?

A

Ovaries to produce progesterone and oestradiol

Testis to produce testosterone from Leydig cells

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13
Q

What do the ovaries secrete?

A

Oestrogens and progestins

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14
Q

What does the multi-tiered endocrine axis feedback allow?

A

Good control of hormone secretion

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15
Q

What are the main hypothalamic areas involved in ovarian control?

A

Preoptic nucleus

Supraoptic nucleus

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16
Q

Describe the secretion of GnRH from the hypothalamus?

A

Produced as prohormone

Then modified to an active from

It is then secreted into the hypophyseal portal system

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17
Q

What kind of release is GnRH?

A

Pulsatile- requires low energy

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18
Q

Where is GnRH delivered to?

A

Delivered via the hypophyseal portal circulation to anterior pituitary gonadotrobes

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19
Q

After the GnRH has reached the gonadotrobes, what do they secrete?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

Luteinising hormone

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20
Q

What is the function of a ovarian follicle?

A

Production of eggs and to release hormones

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21
Q

What are the four stages of development of ovaries?

A

Primordial

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

Graafian follicles

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22
Q

What are the endocrine functions of the ovaries?

A

By using theca and granulosa cells, produce and secrete oestradiol

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23
Q

What is the function of the hormone oestradiol?

A

Regulating menstrual cycle

Development of breasts

Widening of hips

Layering of fat

Development and maintenance of mammary glands, uterus and vagina

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24
Q

Where are theca cells found?

A

Superficial layer of follice

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25
Q

What is the function of theca cells in ovaries?

A

Once LH binds to its receptor;

Convert cholesterol into pregnenolone

Then produce androstenedione and testosterone

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26
Q

Where are the granulosa cells?

A

Deep compared to theca cells

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27
Q

What receptors does granulosa cells have?

A

LH and FSH

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28
Q

What is the function of granulosa cells?

A

Convert cholesterol into pregnenolone and activate aromatase

29
Q

What is the function of aromatase?

A

Produce oestrogens

Facilitates formation of oestradiol

30
Q

When does oogenesis begin?

A

Begins in foetal stage of females

31
Q

When do woman reach their max oocyte number?

A

Around 20 weeks since gestation

32
Q

What are the three main oestrogens?

A

Oestradiol

Oestrone

Oestriol

33
Q

What is the effect of oestrogens on bone?

A

Increase growth

34
Q

What is the effect of oestrogens on endocrine?

A

increase progesterone responses

35
Q

What is the function of progesterone?

A

Regulate the condition of the inner lining (endometrium) of the uterus

36
Q

What is the effect of oestrogens on the liver?

A

Increase clotting factors

Increase steroid-binding proteins

Increase HDL

Decrease total cholesterol and LDL

37
Q

What is the function of oestrogens on the reproductive organs?

A

Increase of;

Uterine growth

Vaginal and fallopian tube growth

Breast growth

Cervical mucus secretion

LH receptors on granulosa cells

38
Q

What causes a positive feedback loop between the ovaries and the anterior pituitary gonadotrophs?

A

Activins

39
Q

What causes a negative feedback loop between the ovaries and the hypothalamus or anterior pituitary gonadotrophs?

A

Oestrogens

Progestins

Inhibins

40
Q

When do oestrogens and progestins do not provide a negative feedback loop?

A

When ovulation needs to occur

41
Q

Describe the process of oestrogens and progestins switching to a positive feedback loop

A

Increased upregulation of receptors when oestrogen levels are increased

Results in LH and FSH surge

42
Q

Where are progestins produced?

A

Theca and granulose

43
Q

What is the effect of progestin on breast tissue?

A

Increase in lobular development and endometrial secretions

Decrease in milk production and endometrial growth

Mucosal secretions become thicker

44
Q

What is the effect of progestin on temperature?

A

Increase in internal temperature

45
Q

What is progestin secretion regulated by?

A

Oestrogen secretion

46
Q

What are the two components of the menstrual cycle?

A

Ovarian cycle and endometrial cycle

47
Q

In the 28 day ovule cycle, when does ovulation occur?

A

Day 14

48
Q

What are the two stages of the ovarian cycle?

A

Follicular phase and luteal phase

49
Q

What happens in the follicular phase?

A

Development of follicles and secondary oocyte

50
Q

What happens in the luteal phase?

A

The corpus luteum is formed through the granulosum and theca cells

Corpus luteum synthesizes and secretes oestrogen and progesterone which is needed for implantation and maintenance of any fertilised oocytes

Corpus luteum regresses in 10-12 days

51
Q

What are the different stages of the endometrial cycle?

A

Menstrual phase

Proliferation phase

Secretion phase

52
Q

What happens in the menstruation phase?

A

Endometrial lining is replaced through;

Vasoconstriction of spiral arteries

Local ischaemic injury

Inflammatory cell infiltration

53
Q

What happens in the proliferative phase?

A

Endometrial growth mediated by increased oestrogens

Blood vessel and gland growth occur

54
Q

What happens in secretory phase?

A

Maturation of endometrium due to decreasing oestrogens

Mucus glands more fully develop

Glands and blood vessels increase surface area

55
Q

What is lactation?

A

Milk production and secretion

56
Q

What develops breast tissue?

A

Female gonadal hormones

Oestrogens

Progestins

hCG from foetus

Prolactin

57
Q

What is milk production mediated by?

A

Prolactin

58
Q

What mediates the release of milk?

A

Oxytocin

59
Q

What are the two types of cells in the testis?

A

Leydig cells

Sertoli cells

60
Q

What is the function of Leydig cells?

A

Produce testosterone

61
Q

What happens when testosterone enters the Sertoli cell?

A

Stimulates FSH causing the seminiferous tubules to produce sperm

Produces aromatase which then produces Oestradiol which regulates protein synthesis in the Leydig cell

62
Q

What are the different stages of spermatogenesis and how many chromosomes do they have in each stage?

A

Spermatogonia

Primary spermatocytes- 1x46

Secondary spermatocytes- 2x23

Spermatids

Spermatozoa

63
Q

What regulates spermatogenesis?

A

Testosterone

64
Q

What effect does testosterone have on bone?

A

Increase growth of bone and connective tissue

65
Q

What effect does testosterone have on muscle?

A

Increase growth of muscle and connective tissue

66
Q

What effect does testosterone have on the reproductive organs?

A

Increase growth and development of testes, prostate, seminal vesicles and penis

Increase growth of facial, axillary and pubic hair

Increase growth of larynx

Increase spermatogenesis

67
Q

What effect does testosterone have on skin?

A

Increase of sebaceous gland size and secretions

68
Q

Describe the negative feedback loop from the testes to either the anterior pituitary gonadotropes or the hypothalamus?

A

Testosterone negative to the APG and hypothalamus

Inhibin negative to the APG

MD2001 Week 6 (7 decks)

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