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MD2001 Week 6 > Introduction to Molecular Biology > Flashcards

Introduction to Molecular Biology Flashcards

1
Q

How do we get from DNA to RNA?

A

Transcription

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2
Q

How do we get from RNA to a protein?

A

Translation

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3
Q

How do we get from RNA to DNA?

A

Reverse transcription

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4
Q

What is RNA?

A

Ribonucleic acid

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5
Q

What is DNA?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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6
Q

What is the main structural difference between RNA and DNA?

A

Missing hydroxide group on carbon number 2 in DNA

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7
Q

How to multiple bases connect to each other?

A

Between 5’ and 3’ through the hydroxyl groups and a phosphate

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8
Q

What are the two different forms of bases?

A

Purines

Pyrimidines

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9
Q

What bases are purines and pyrimidines?

A

Purines- Adenine and Thymine

Pyrimidines- Guanine and Cytosine

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10
Q

What is other difference between DNA and RNA?

A

Two stranded vs one stranded

Thymine instead of Uracil

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11
Q

How many bonds are there between an Adenine and Thymine?

A

2

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12
Q

How many bonds are there between Guanine and Cytosine?

A

3

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13
Q

What holds the two strands of DNA together?

A

Hydrogen

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14
Q

What shape is DNA?

A

Double helix

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15
Q

What are major and minor grooves in DNA?

A

Base pairs are more revealed in major groups

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16
Q

What is B-helix?

A

Right handed turns

17
Q

What direction is DNA?

A

Anti-parallel

18
Q

How do we distinguish between chromosomes?

A

Size and G-bindings

19
Q

How are chromosomes organised in the nucleus?

A

Occupying different areas

20
Q

What are telomeres?

A

The end portion of DNA

21
Q

What are centromeres?

A

Two chromatids are attached

22
Q

What is DNA wrapped around?

A

Histone proteins

23
Q

What is a nucleosome?

A

147 base pairs of DNA wrapped around histone proteins with 1.7 left handed turns

24
Q

How does DNA bind to histone

A

Electrostatic attraction between negative DNA and positive histone

25
Q

What is the distinctive feature of histone?

A

Long N-termini

26
Q

What is the function of the histone H1 protein?

A

Directing the DNA in what way to wrap around nucleosome

27
Q

What process is used to decondense chromatin?

A

Nucleosome sliding

28
Q

How many base pairs are there?

A

3 billion base pairs

29
Q

What is the structure of the telomere and centromere?

A

Heterochromatin

30
Q

What is DNA called when it is relaxed?

A

Euchromatin

31
Q

What are SINE and LINE?

A

Short/long interspersed nuclear elements

32
Q

What are tandem repeats?

A

Repeats in DNA

Small chain but repeated more often in a shorter length

33
Q

What are the length of minisatellites?

A

7-100 base repeated up 40,000

34
Q

What are the length of microsatellites?

A

1-6 bases repeated greater than 100 bases

35
Q

What is the usefulness of repetitive DNA?

A

In forensics and genetics

36
Q

What is myotonic dystrophy caused by?

A

Repeated genes throughout the genome

Passing between generations can cause expansions of repeated genes and therefore worsening symptoms

MD2001 Week 6 (7 decks)

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