Reproductive system Flashcards
Lab
When does the reproductive system begin its biological function?
At puberty
What are the essential organs for reproduction in the male?
Gonags, testes
What are the essential reproduction organs for a female?
Gonads, ovaries
What produces the sex cells, gamates, and sex hormones?
Testes in males, ovaries in females
What are the males reproductive roles?
Manufacturing sperm which gets taken to the female reproductive tract
What are female reproductive roles?
Making eggs
Where do the paired oval testes lie?
In the scrotum behind the adominopelvic cavity.
What is the temperature of the testes? Why?
94 degrees. This is to ensure viable sperm production
What structures make up the duct system in males
epididymis , ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra
an elongated structure running up the posterolateral aspect of the testis ending at the superior aspect
epididymis
Forms the first portion of the duct system - Site for immature sperm to complete their maturation process
epididymis
The . sperm duct
vas deferens
arches superiorly from the epididymis Passes through the inguinal canal into the pelvic cavity and courses over the superior aspect of the urinary bladder Enclosed along with blood vessels and nerves in a connective tissue sheath called the spermatic cord
vas deferens
Terminus of the ductus deferens enlarges to form the region, ampulla, which empties into the
Ejaculatory duct
What are the steps of ejaculation?
contraction of the ejaculatory duct propels sperm through the prostate to the prostatic urethra which empties into the intermediate part of the urethra and then into the spongy urethra, which runs through the length of the penis to the body exterior
The liquid medium in which sperm leaves the body
seminal fluid
Accessory glands for males
The prostate, seminal glands, and bulbo- urethral glands
What do the male accessory glands do?
produce seminal fluid
consists of sperm and seminal fluid
semen
What is special about semen?
It is alkaline and provides a buffer against the acidity of the femal vagina.
What is the physiology behind a man getting an erection?
Internally, the penis consists of three enlogated cylindes of erectile tissue which engorge with blood during physical activity.
Paired glands located posterior to the urinary bladder
Seminal Glands
A duct from each one of these glands merges with a ductus deferen which forms the ejaculatory duct
Seminal glands
Single gland that encircles the prostatic urethrea inferior to the bladder
Prostate
Paired tiny glands that drain into the intermediate part of the urethrea
Bulbo urethreal glands
The dense connective tissue capsule that covers each teste
tunica albuginea
Sperm forming factories
seminferious tubules
What are the sex hormones of females?
Estrogen and progesterone
Where are the sex hormones of females produced?
ovaries .
consist of the mons pubis, the labia majora and minora, the clitoris, the external urethral and vaginal orifices, the hymen, and the greater vestibular glands
External genitalia of the female vulva
What are the internal organs of the female?
vagina, uterus, uterine tubes (fallopian tubes), ovaries, and ligaments supporting structures that suspends these organs into the pelvic cavity
serves as a copulatory organ, birth canal and menstrual flow passage way
Vagina
Pear shaped, situated between the bladder and the rectum Muscular organ with its narrow end, the cervix, directed inferiorly
Uterus
occurs when the fertilized egg implants in a uterine tube or even on the abdominal viscera
Ectopic pregnancy
the thick mucosal lining of the uterus, has a superficial functional layer, or stratum functionalis, that sloughs off periodically (every 28 days) in response to cyclic changes in the levels of ovarian hormones in the women’s blood
Endometrium
Sloughing-off process, accompanied by bleeding
Menstruation
10cm long and extend from the ovaries in the peritoneal cavity to the superolateral region of the uterus
Uterine tubes or fallopian tubes
Rounded fatty eminence that cushions the pubic symphysis, covered with course pubic hair after puberty
Mons pubis
Two enlongated hair covered skin folds that extend from the mons pubis.
Labia majora
Contain seabaceous glands, aprocrine glands, and adipose. THEY ARE HOMOLOGOUS TO SCROTUM
Labia majora
Two smaller folds located medial to the labia majora. Contains seabeacous tissues
Labia minora
What is the difference between the labia minora and labia majora?
The labia minora does not contain hair or adipose.
Are ovaries connected to the uterine tube?
No
How many lobes does each mammary gland consist of?
15-25
How do both meiosis and mitosis begin?
Doubling their chromosomes and dividing.
What is the difference between meisosis and mitosis
After the chromsomes divide, meiosis continues on for a second division which cuts the chromosome number in half.
what meiosis produce in males?
4 equal sperm
what does meiosis produce in females
one large ovum, 3 non-functional polar bodies
Where is sperm stored?
the epididymis
long muscular tube which peristatically moves sperm toward the seminal vesicle
duct vas deferens
this gland adds a small amount of alkaline mucus to the urethra to start neutralzing the acidic urethra
bulbo-urethral gland
what types of cells produce sperm
spermatogenic
which cells produce testosterone
interstitial cells between seminiferous tubules
sperm move their _______ into the epididymis
head
Long coiled tube where sperm are stored and able to mature
epididimyis
how long is spermatogenis ?
about 24 days
why are sperm modified to be as light weight as possible?
Because their goal is to deliver themselves to the egg
What are the main parts of sperm?
acrosome, nucleus, mid-piece, and tail
acrosome of sperm
digestive enzyme
nucleus of sperm
with paired chromosomes
mid-piece of sperm
with mitochondria
tail of sperm is also
flagellum
This hormone stimulates spermatogenis
FSH
This hormone stimulates testosterone secretion
interstetial cell stimulating hormone
The role of the prostate
contribute a citrate/enzyme secretion which activate and feed the sperm
secrete an alkaline mixture of fructose, (feeds sperm) vitamin c, and prostaglandins. this fluid also helps neutralize acidic enviornment of vagina
seminal glands
When ovulation occurs, the oocyte is picked up by the
uterine tube
what structures help catch an oocyte before it gets lost in the body ?
wide ampulla, infundibulum, fimbriae
where must fertilization happen in order for pregnancy to occur?
the first 1/3 of the uterine tube
what is unusual about the endometrium tissue?
it contains blood vessels
important for expelling dead tissue at the end of a cycle, or pushing a fetus at the end of pregnancy
myometrium
The smooth muscle in the wall of the uterus
myometrium
What structures suspend the uterus
the broad ligament and round ligament (connective tissue)
released from lining cells to feed bacteria that produce lactic acid
glycogen
what kind of tissue is the vagina lined with
stratified squamous epithilium which has a great deal of elastic connective tissue in the wall.
This is an accessory gland of the female reproducitve system which adapted from sweat glands.
Mammary gland
What is the difference between primary and secondary follicles layers
Primary layers have a layer or two of granular cells around the oocyte while secondary follicles have many layers of granosla around the oocyte
how are oocytes present at birth?
as primordial follicles
follicle cells left behind due to stimulation from LH becomewhat
corpus lutenum
what doesthe corpus lutenum produce
estrogen and progesterone
Why is it important for the corpus lutenum to produce estrogen and progesterone?
incase fertilization and implantation of an embryo occurs
what does the cortus lutenum degenerate to if implantation and fertizlization does not occur?
corpus albicans
gonadtropin is stimulated and released by
high estrogen levels
old uterine lining shedding the first few days of the cycle is a result of
low sex hormone levels
low sex hormone level results in
old uterine lining shedding the first few days
what stimulates the growth of uterine lining
rising levels of estrogen growing from follicles
which hormone stimulates sex drive in females?
estrogen
estrogen stimulates the sex drive in females and also
mild uterine contraction which improves chances of fertilization
in the female cycle of the uterus, which hormone is released first? second?
estrogen, then progesterone.
How are the gamates produced in both males and females
through meiosis
The testis is both an endocrine gland and exocrine gland. How so?
Endocrine makes testesterone and exocrine makes sperm
sperm cells divide
mitotically
sperm production is stimulated by which pituitary hormone?
fsh
What is the tube cut in vasectomys?
vas deferens
seminal vesicles produce what kind of fluid? What is it used for
fructose containing fluid. mitochondria of sperm will use this fluid as an energy source to proudce ATP for contractile proteins of flagellum.
spongy gland which contracts to force its fluid through numerous pinhole openings in the prostatic urethra.
prostate gland
deepest portion of the urethra, and contributes a fluid which helps to protect sperm while they travel through the urethra and vagina
prostate gland
neutralize the acidic environment of the urethra
bulbo urethral
secrete a small amount of an alkaline lubricating fluid
bulbo urethral
two areas of erectile tissue are
corpa carvenosa and corpas spongisum.
outside the shaft of the penis
corpus carvenosa
involved in a negative feedback loop that reduces gonadotropin release
high levels of testesterone and inhibin
Oocyte, zygpte, embryo, fetus
order of a baby
vestibular glands are for
lubrication
what is an important feature the vagina and uterus have
the ability to stretch
how many female hormones are critical for to ovulation .
4 (2 ovarian, 2 from pituitary)
mostly associated with thickening the uterine lining
estrogen
mainly enhances its vascularization
progesterone
these two hormones inhibit the release of pituitary hormones
estrogen and progesterone
what is the hormone secreted by an embryo
HGC
This hormone keeps the corpus lutmus going if an implantation occurs
HGC
HGC is the same as
LH
Explain why estrogen and progesterone levels stay high if pregnancy occurs
The embryos hormone is HGC, which is essentially LH. LH is what stimulates the corpus lutnem, so it keeps estrogen and progesterone levels high which means the lining of the endomentirum will not shed. This is why a missed period is a sign of pregnancy.
Nutrient/waste filter between maternal and fetal circulation. Also develops its own estrogen and progesterone
placenta
True/false: it only takes one sperm to get you pregnant
false.
what is a sperm count that is considered low fertility?
10 million
what happens to the oocyte after the sperm reaches it?
It depolarizes temporarily inhibiting any sperm from attaching to the membrane (fast block)
the block of entry of more than one sperm to the oocyte
blocks to polyspermy
why must fertilization happen in the first 1/3 part of the uterine tube?
Because it takes several days of cell division for the zygote to develop into an embryo capeable of implanting into the uterine tube.
cells capeable of attaching to and eating into the uterine lining
inner cell mass
cells that form a pattern of finger like microvilli which will hold growing embryonic/fetal blood vessels
trophoblast
digest through the glycoprotein layer around oocyte
acrsomal enzymes
when does the second part of meiosis in females finish
penetration by sperm
forms the placena
trophoblast
develops into the fetus
blastodisc
fingerlike projections that surround maternal blood lacune
chronic villi
vessles between the placenta and fetus are th e
umblical arteries and veins
