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HUBS192 EXAM > Reproductive system > Flashcards

Reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

Which bones make up the pelvis?

A 
Ilium
Ischium
Sacrum
Coccyx
Pubis
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2
Q

Which joints make up the pelvis?

A

Pubic symphysis

Sacroiliac joint

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3
Q

What does the false/greater pelvis contained?

Position?

A

GI tract

Superior region of pelvis

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4
Q

What does the true/lesser pelvis contain?

Position?

A

Reproductive organs

Inferior region of pelvis

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5
Q

Compare the female and male pelvis

A
  1. Subpubic angle
    - Females broader, males narrower
  2. Coccyx
    - Females straighter, males curved
  3. Inlet
    - Females oval, males heart-shaped
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6
Q

What muscles make up the pelvic floor?

A
  1. Levator ani

2. Coccygeus

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7
Q

What does the pelvic floor close over?

A

The pelvic outlet

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8
Q

Openings in the pelvic floor

A

Urethra
Anal canal
Vagina

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9
Q

What does the scrotum contain?

A

2 testes + 2 spermatic cords

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10
Q

What do testes produce?

A

Sperm, testosterone + inhibin

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11
Q

What are the testes surrounded by? What is this?

A

Tunica albuginea, a dense fibrous capsule

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12
Q

Seminiferous tubules

  • Located where?
  • Lead to?
  • Contains which cells?
A
  • In the lobules of the testes
  • Join to form rete testis
  • Leydig cells, Sertoli cells, spermatogenic cells (spermatozoa)
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13
Q

What do Leydig cells produce?

A

testosterone

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14
Q

What do Sertoli cells produce?

A

Inhibin

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15
Q

Epididymis

  • 3 sections?
  • Sperm enter at and exit via?
  • Site of what?
A
  • Head, body, tail
  • Enter from seminiferous tubules (via rete testis then tubules)
  • Exit via ductus deferens
  • Site of sperm maturation
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16
Q

What is the ductus deferens covered by?

A

Smooth muscle

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17
Q

What does the ductus deferens dilate to form?

A

The ampulla

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18
Q

What do the spermatic cords contain?

A
  • Ductus deferens
  • Venous plexus
  • Testicular artery
  • Nerves
  • Lymphatics
  • Cremastor muscle
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19
Q

What are the ejaculatory ducts formed by?

A

The duct from the seminal vesicle + the ampulla

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20
Q

Urinary sphincters in males

A

External: skeletal muscle; voluntary control of urination
Internal: detrusor muscle; closes bladder to ensure no sperm is ejaculated through urethra

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21
Q

What is retrograde ejaculation?

A

Sperm end up in bladder (bc internal sphincter didn’t close)

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22
Q

Path of sperm

A

Testes –> seminiferous tubules –> rete testis –> efferent ductules –> epididymis –> ductus deferens –> ampulla –> ejaculatory duct –> prostatic urethra –> membranous urethra –> spongy/penile urethra

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23
Q

3 sections of the penis

A

root, body, glans

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24
Q

What are the 3 cylindrical erectile tissues in the penis? Which contains the urethra and what does it form?

A
  • Corpora cavernosa (2); main

- Corpus spongiosum; contains urethra, forms bfulb + glans

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25
Q

Function of scrotum; lined by which muscle?

A
  • Thermoregulation (maintain temp at ~34 degrees)

- Dartos muscle

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26
Q

Function of dartos muscle?

A

Contracts the skin covering the scrotum for heat conservation

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27
Q

What are the 3 male RS accessory glands?

- Function

A
  1. Seminal vesicles
  2. Prostate gland
  3. Bulbourethral glands
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28
Q

Seminal vesicles:

  • Components of secretion?
  • Function?
A

Viscous secretion:

  • 60% of semen
  • Fructose to nourish sperm
  • Alkaline to protect sperm
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29
Q

Prostate gland

  • Components of secretion?
  • Function
A 
Secretion:
- 30% of semen
- Acidic
- Citrate to nourish sperm
Contributes to sperm activation, viability and motility
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30
Q

Bulbourethral glands

  • Opens into?
  • Contributes how much to semen vol.?
  • Function of secretions?
A
  • Spongy urethra
  • 5% of semen vol.
  • lubrication
  • Alkaline to neutralise acidity in urethra prior to ejaculation
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31
Q

What is a vasectomy?

Does it change seminal fluid vol.?

A
  • Contraception; cut/tie ductus deferens

- No, bc doesn’t affect accessory glands

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32
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

The formation of mature spermatozoa from spermatogonia

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33
Q

What cell is formed at each stage of meiosis for spermatogenesis?

A 
Diploid: primary spermatocyte
- Meiosis I
Haploid: secondary spermatocyte (2)
- Meiosis II
Haploid spermatid (4)
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34
Q

Spermatogonia:

  • Migrate from? To?
  • Remain dormant until?
A
  • Yolk sac to testes

- Puberty

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35
Q

What happens to spermatogonia at puberty?

A
  • Divide by mitosis into type A and B spermatogonia

- Type B differentiate into primary spermatocyte (then continue meiosis)

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36
Q

What is spermiogenesis?

- Process?

A
  • Differentiation of spermatids into spermatozoa
    1. Appearance of acromosomal vesicle + flagellum in spermatid
    2. Growth of acromosome + flagellum
    3. Shedding of excess cytoplasm
    4. Mature sperm
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37
Q

What is a gonadotropin?

A

Hormone that acts on the gonads

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38
Q

GnRH
What is it?
What is it released from?
Stimulates release od?

A
  • Gonadotropin releasing hormone
  • Released from hypothalamus
  • FSH + LH
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39
Q 
Males:
LH:
What is it? 
What is it released from?
Stimulates?
A
  • Luteinising hormone (a gonadotropin)
  • Released from anterior pituitary
  • Production of testosterone
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40
Q 
Males:
FSH:
What is it? 
What is it released from?
Function?
A
  • Follicle releasing hormone (a gonadotropin)
  • From anterior pituitary
  • Stimulates spermatogenesis
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41
Q

What are androgens?

A

Hormones which develop male characteristics (e.g. gonads –> testes)

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42
Q

What does testosterone do?

A
  • stimulates spermatogenesis

- Inhibits LH + GnRH (negative feedback)

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43
Q

Males:

What does inhibin do?

A

Inhibits FSH secretion, thus inhibiting spermatogenesis

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44
Q

What makes up the female perineum?

A 
Urogenital triangle
- urethral and vaginal opening
- external genitalia (vulva)
Anal triangle
- anal canal and fat
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45
Q

Components of the female external genitalia

A
  1. Mons pubis
  2. Labia majora + minora (vestibule b/w)
  3. Vestibular glands (lubricate vaginal orifice)
  4. Clitoris (glans, body, crura (2), bulbs (2))
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46
Q

Structures of the female reproductive tract?

A 
Ovary
Uterine tubes
Uterus
Cervix
Vagina
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47
Q

3 Parts of the uterine tube + characteristic of each

A
  1. Infundibulum (most lateral; fimbriae)
  2. Ampulla (site of fertilisation)
  3. Isthmus (most medial)
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48
Q

Functions of uterus

A
  • Movement of sperm
  • Implantation of blastocyst
  • Retain and nourish embryo + fetus through pregnancy
  • Allow parturition
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49
Q

3 layers of the uterus wall + composition

A
  1. Endometrium
    - Columnar epithelium
    - Uterine glands + arteries
  2. Myometrium
    - Smooth muscle
  3. Perimetrium
    - Connective tissue
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50
Q

Blood supply to uterus

A

Abdominal aorta –> common iliac artery –> internal iliac artery –> uterine artery –> uterus

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51
Q

Blood supply to vagina

A

Abdominal aorta –> common iliac artery –> internal iliac artery –> vaginal artery –> vagina

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52
Q

Blood supply to ovary

A

Abdominal aorta –> ovarian artery –> ovaries

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53
Q

Blood supply in myometrium and endometrium

A

Uterine artery –> arcuate arteries –> radial arteries (through myo) –> spiral and straight arteries

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54
Q

Regions of the ovaries + what they contain

A
  1. Outer cortex
    - follicles
  2. Inner medulla
    - connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics
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55
Q

What occurs in the ovaries

A

Oogenesis + hormone production

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56
Q

Female ligaments

A
  1. Broad ligament
  2. Ovarian ligament
  3. Suspensory ligament
  4. Round ligament
57
Q

Which ligaments does the broad ligament form?

A
  1. Mesometrium (uterus)
  2. Mesosalpinx (tube)
  3. Mesovarium (ovary)
58
Q

Female pouches

A
  1. Vesicouterine pouch: fold of broad ligament over bladder (anterior)
  2. Rectouterine pouch: fold of broad ligament over rectum (posterior)
59
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

development of the oocyte from oogonia w/in an ovarian follicle

60
Q

Oogenesis: type of cell at each stage of meiosis

- incl. when they’re halted if relevant

A
  1. (Diploid) primary oocyte
    - Meiosis I (halted at prophase I until puberty)
  2. (Haploid) secondary oocyte + polar body
    - Meiosis II (halted at metaphase II until fertilisation)
    Haploid oocyte + 3 second polar bodies
61
Q

How are polar bodies formed?

A

By the uneven distribution of the cytoplasm during meiosis

62
Q

Layers of follicle inside ovary

A 
Oocyte
Zona pellucida
corona radiata
antrum
Ganulosa cells (attach to corona radiate on one side of the oocyte)
Basement membrane
Theca folliculi
63
Q

What is released from the ovary during ovulation

A

Oocyte + corona radiata

64
Q

Females:
FSH
- released from?
- function?

A
  • Anterior pituitary

- Signals to ovary to stimulate the growth of ovarian follicles and initiate estradiol production

65
Q

Females:
LH
- Released from?
- Function?

A
  • Anterior pituitary
  • Stimulates completion of follicle and oocyte growth (estrogen secretion by follicle)
  • Stimulates ovulation
  • Causes formation of corpus luteum from ruptured follicle (progesterone and oestrogen secretion by corpus luteum)
66
Q

Prolactin:

  • Released from?
  • Function?
A
  • Anterior pituitary

- Stimulates milk production in mammary glands

67
Q

Estradiol

  • Released from?
  • Function?
A
  • developing follicles in ovary
  • Assists in follicular, bone, muscle and endometrial growth
  • feedback to anterior pituitary to alter circulating levels of FSH/LH
68
Q

Inhibin

  • Released from?
  • Function?
A
  • granulose cells in ovary

- negative feedback to anterior pituitary to suppress FSH

69
Q

Progesterone

  • Released from?
  • Function?
A
  • Corpus luteum in ovary
  • Negative feedback to suppress GnRH (thus FSH/LH)
  • Endometrial maturation, maintains pregnant state
70
Q

Oxytocin

  • Released from?
  • Function?
A
  • Posterior pituitary

- Acts on breasts to cause milk let-down (ejection)

71
Q

What is menarche? What is it caused by?

A
  • First menstrual period

- due to increased estrogen production

72
Q

What is menopause? caused by?

A
  • Cessation of menstruation

- Decreased estradiol and progesterone due to decreased responsiveness of follicles // FSH/LH high

73
Q

Ovarian cycle:

2 phases + what happens

A
  1. Follicular phase: day 1-14
    (i) increased FSH from AP
    - Follicular growth
    (ii) Growing follicles secrete of estradiol + inhibin
    - decreased FSH
    - Growing follicles atresia
    (iii) Dominant follicule secretes large amount of estradiol
    - Surge of LH
    (iv) Follicle ruptures + ovulation occurs
    - oocyte released into peritoneal space
  2. Lucteal phase: day 15-28
    (i) Ovulated follicle collapses and forms corpus luteum
    - secretes progesterone, estradiol, inhibin
    (ii) Decreased FSH + LH secretion
    (iii) Progesterone stimulates maturation of endometrium
    - Glands become secretory
    (iv) If no pregnancy
    - corpus luteum involutes
    - menstruation
    - removes negative feedback on FSH and LH
74
Q

Menstrual cycle:

Phases + what happens

A
  1. Proliferative phase: Day 1-14
    (i) Estradiol stimulates endometrial growth from days 6-14
    - Rapid tissue growth (incl. glands + vasculature)
  2. Secretory phase: day 15-28
    (i) Corpus luteum secretes progesterone
    (ii) Progesterone promotes endometrial maturation (prepare for a zygote)
    - spiral arteries grow + coil
    - glands become secretory
  3. No pregnancy
    - corpus luteum degenerates
    - decreased progesterone levels
    - spiral arteries contract,
    - uendometrial tissues break down and bleeding occurs
    - Menstruation
75
Q

Breasts:

  • Function?
  • Position?
  • What stimulates development of tissue?
A
  • Nourish infants
  • Lie on pectorals major muscles
  • Estradiol and progesterone
76
Q

Structure of breasts

A

lobes –> lobules –> alveoli –> lactiferous ducts –> lactiferous sinuses

77
Q

Breast feeding stages

A
  1. Lactation (milk production)
    - Rapid decrease in estradiol and progesterone after birth allows breasts to respond to prolactin
    - Prolactin stimulates milk production
    - Suckling stimulates continued production of prolactin (amount determined by strength/duration of nipple stimulation)
  2. Milk ejection reflex
    - Suckling also stimulates oxytocin secretion
    - Oxytocin stimulates contraction of smooth muscle around alveoli
    - Milk goes into lactiferous ducts, allowing infant to feed
78
Q

What forms layers surrounding the erectile tissues in the penis?
What are these layers?

A

Fascia

  1. Tunica albuginea: innermost
  2. Deep (Buck’s) fascia (surrounds tunica albuginea)
  3. Superficial fascia: outermost, surrounds deep fascia
79
Q

What 2 structures make up erectile tissue?

A
  • Trabeculae: smooth muscle fibres

- Lacunae: Cavernous space

80
Q

Blood supply to the penis (pathway)

A

Abdominal aorta –> common iliac artery –> internal iliac artery –> internal pudendal artery

81
Q

Males:
What does the internal pudendal artery supply blood to?
Which arteries branch off to supply the penis?

A
  • Perineum and external genitalia
  • Branches:
    Artery to bulb
    Urethral artery
    Dorsal artery
    Deep (cavernosal) artery
82
Q

Veins draining the penis?

A
  • Subtunical veins (in corpora cavernosa)
  • Deep dorsal vein
  • Superficial dorsal vein
83
Q

How does the blood supply to the penis change during erection?

A

Increased blood flow:

  • Cavernous spaces swell
  • Lacunae fill
84
Q

What is the nerve supply to the penis?

A
  1. Pudendal nerve
    - supplies sensory and somatic motor innervation to perineum (incl. penis) –> dorsal nerve of penis
  2. Pelvic plexus
    - supplies autonomic innervation
    - Parasympathetic and sympathetic
85
Q

What is the parasympathetic NS response in males?

A

Erection

- Stimulates production of NO (vasodilator) by deep arteries of penis

86
Q

What is the sympathetic NS response in males?

A

Ejaculation

- Stimulates contraction of smooth muscle in reproductive ducts and accessory glands

87
Q

What is the somatic motor NS response in males?

A

Ejaculation

- Stimulates contraction of skeletal muscles around bulb of penis

88
Q

Neural control of the sexual act

A
  1. Erection
    - Parasympathetic response to stimuli
    - Afferent signals: from brain (E.g. visual, tactile) via somatic pudendal nerve (stimulation of genital region/glans)
    - Efferent signals (psychological stimulation): to penis (deep artery dilation, erectile tissues fill w/ blood, erection) + bulbourethral gland (secretes bulbourethral fluid)
  2. Ejaculation
    (i) Emission (Sperm and seminal fluid –> urethra)
    - Sympathetic response
    - Efferent signals: to ductus deferens (peristalsis; ampulla contracts; sperm to urethra) + seminal vesicles (seminal fluid) + prostate gland (seminal fluid)
    (ii) Expulsion (ejection of sperm)
    - Somatic and sympathetic reflexes
    - Afferent signals: to spinal cord (stimulated by semen in urethra)
    - Efferent signals: to accessory glands (additional secretion + smooth muscle contraction of internal urethral sphincter) + bulbocavernosus muscle (contracts to compress bulb/root of penis + urethra)
  3. Resolution
    - Sympathetic reflex
    - Efferent signals to: internal pudendal artery (constricts to reduce blood flow) + trabecular muscles (contract, squeeze blood from erectile tissues) + Penis (flaccid)
89
Q

Female sexual response

A
  1. Autonomic stimulation: engorgement of corpora of clitoris, bulbs of vestibule, labia and vagina
  2. Lubricating fluid secreted through vagina wall + secretion of mucus in vestibule
  3. Increased length + width of vagina (tactile stimulation, uterus elevates up)
  4. Rhythmic contraction of vaginal, uterine + perineal muscles (in response to pudendal nerve)
90
Q

Natural methods of contraception

+ how they work/characteristics

A
  1. Rhythm method (periodic abstinence)
    - Relies on timing of coitus
  2. Withdrawal method
    - Relies on behaviour during coitus
  3. Lactational infertility
    - Relies on timing of coitus
91
Q

Artificial methods of contraception: physical barriers

+ how they work/characteristics

A
  1. Caps
    - Need spermicidal creams, etc.
    - Must leave in for 6+ hours
  2. Condoms
    - Cheap
    - Readily available
    - Easy to use
    - Reduce risk of STDs
92
Q

Artificial methods of contraception: steroidal contraception - Combined oral contraceptives

A
  • Contain estrogen + progestin

- Suppress ovulation + mucus production by cervix

93
Q

Artificial methods of contraception: surgical contraception

+ how they work

A
  1. Tubal ligation
    - Cut uterine tubes
  2. Vasectomy
    - Cut ductus deferens
  3. Hysterectomy
    - Removes entire uterus
94
Q

How long does an ovum survive for?

A

Approx. 24 hours

95
Q

Process of fertilisation:

  1. Capacitation
  2. Fertiisation
  3. Oocyte changes
  4. Pronuclei fusion
A
  1. Capacitation
    - Sperm undergoes changes in female tract (increased motility + softens acrosome)
    - 6-8 hours
  2. Fertilisation
    (i) Penetration of corona radiata
    (ii) Penetration of zona pellucida
    (iii) Penetration of the oocyte cell membrane
  3. Oocyte changes
    - Zona pellucida becomes impenetrable (blocks polyspermy)
    - Meiosis II completes to form haploid ovum (+ polar body)
    - Female pronucleus forms
    - Spermatozoon tail degenerates
  4. Pronuclei fuse
    - Becomes zygote (46 chromosomes)
    - Sex determination
    - Initiation of cleavage
96
Q

Stages of ovum cleavage (+ time length)

A

Blastomere: 2 cells approx. 30 hours
4 cells approx. 40 hours
Morula: 16 cells (morula) approx. 3 days

97
Q

Process of ovum –> blastocyst

A
  1. Mitotic division of ovum to form blastomere (approx. 30h)
  2. Continued division to form 16 cell morula (approx. 3 days)
  3. Cells of morula rearrange to form an inner mass (epiblast) and an outer mass (trophoblast)
  4. Fluid-filled blastocyst formed (days 4-5)
98
Q

What do the 2 layers of the blastocyst form?

A
  1. Inner cell mass (embryo blast) –> embryo

2. Outer cell mass (trophoblast) –> placenta

99
Q

Process of implantation (incl. which day/s where relevant)

A
  1. Blastocyst breaks out of zona pellucida
  2. Days 6-7: blastocyst moves to endometrium, implantation begins
  3. Day 10: blastocyst completely implanted
  4. Trophoblast forms 2 layers
    - inner: cytotrophoblast
    - outer: synctiotrophoblast
  5. Outer cells invade endometrium, which envelops blastocyst
  6. Trophoblast secretes hCG
  7. Corpus luteum maintained
100
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy

A

Implantation outside of uterine cavity

101
Q

What is the development of the cell during week 2

  • Bilaminar disc formation
  • Cavity formation
A
  • Bilaminar disc formed from embryblast/inner cell mass (layers: epiblast (ectoderm) + hypoblast)
  • 2 cavities form: amniotic cavity (surrounds and protects developing embryo) + yolk sac (primordial germ cells arise near here; used for early nutrient transfer)
102
Q

Placenta:

  • Function?
  • Occurs where?
  • Composed of?
A
  • Allows diffusion of maternal fetal blood by week 4; Exchange occurs across chorionic villi (chorion formed by trophoblast) which contain blood vessels carrying fetal blood, which bathe in maternal blood
  • Anchors/protects fetus
  • Allows gas and nutrient exchange
  • Made up of maternal tissue AND fetal tissue
103
Q

Process of parturition

A
  1. Dilation of cervix to allow fetal head through; contractions; rupture of the fetal membranes
  2. Short contractions; birth of baby
  3. Placenta detaches; contractions close the maternal arteries
104
Q

Potency of morula cells

A

Totipotent

105
Q

Potency of embryonic stem cells

A

Pluripotent (all but placenta cells)

106
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

Formation of 3 germ cell layers from the bilaminar disc

107
Q

Gastrulation: what happens at week 3?

A
  • Primitive streak forms in the epiblast
  • Cells of epiblast move towards primitive streak and migrate downwards, pushing the old hypoblast out + forming the mesoderm and endoderm
108
Q

What does the ectoderm form?

A
  • Epidermis
  • Brain and spinal cord
  • Nerve cells
109
Q

What does the mesoderm form?

A
  • Muscle
  • Bone
  • Kindey
  • Gonads
  • Connective tissue
110
Q

What does the endoderm form?

A
  • GI tract lining

- Respiratory system (lining of lungs and bronchi)

111
Q

What is neurulation? Process?

A
  • The formation of a neural tube from a piece of ectoderm
  • Process:
    1. Ectoderm rises up at the edges to form the neural folds
    2. Neural folds converge together
    3. Neural folds fuse to form the neural tube
112
Q

Sensitivity to environmental chemicals:

  1. 0-2 weeks (fertilised egg –> embryonic disc)
  2. 3-8 weeks (embryo)
  3. 9-38 weeks (fetus)
A
  1. Usually not sensitive; high rate of lethality may occur
  2. greatest sensitivity; development of organ systems
  3. Decreasing sensitivity; period of functional maturation
113
Q

Stages of reproductive tract development

A
  1. Gonad development
  2. Oocyte + sperm development from germ cells
  3. Development of the male + female ducts
  4. Development of structures to deliver sperm to oocyte
114
Q

Which germ cell layer does the repro tract form from? Where do the cells migrate from?

A
  • Mesoderm

- Yolk sac

115
Q

What is SRY? What happens in its presence/absence?

A
  • Sex determining region on the Y chromosome
  • If present; gonads –> testis
  • If absent; gonads –> ovary
116
Q

What is the mesonephros?

A

Mesoderm tissue from which the gonads and kidneys are developed from

117
Q

Duct development

Before + after differentiation

A
  1. Before differentiation, 2 tubes from mesoderm
    - Mesonephric (Wolffian) duct; associated with gonads
    - Paramesonephric (Müllerian) duct; separated from gonads
  2. After differentiation
    - The duct not associated with the person’s sex degenerates
    - SRY gene = Androgens present = male duct kept
    - No SRY gene = no androgens present = female duct kept
118
Q

How is the uterus formed from the paramesonephric duct?

A

The lower parts of the paramesonephric ducts fuse

119
Q

What is müllerian inhibiting substance (MIS) / anti-müllerian hormone (AMH)?

A

Produced in males

causes paramesonephric duct to degenerate

120
Q

How do the testes pass through the abdominal wall to the scrotum?

A

Using the inguinal canal

121
Q

Genitalia development

A
  1. Indifferent stage

2. Presence/absence of androgens; differentiation

122
Q

How can abnormalities of external genitalia arise?

A
  1. Female fetus exposed to androgen
  2. Male fetus cannot respond to androgen (e.g. mutated receptor)
  3. XY females lack a functional SRY gene
123
Q

Example of an androgen

A

Testosterone, DHT

124
Q

Differentiation of genital ridge/gonads

A

Male: testis
Female: Ovary

125
Q

Differentiation of germ cells

A

Male: spermatozoa
Female: oocyte

126
Q

What genitalia does the Müllerian/paramesonephric duct differentiate into?

A
  • Vagina
  • Uterus
  • Uterine tubes
127
Q

What genitalia does the Wolffian/mesonephric duct differentiate into?

A
  • Epididymis
  • Ductus deferens
  • Seminal vesicles
128
Q

Differentiation of genital tubercle

A

Male: penis
Female: clitoris

129
Q

Differentiation of genital folds

A

Male: spongy urethra
Female: labia minora

130
Q

Differentiation of genital swellings

A

Male: Scrotum
Female: labia majora

131
Q

What happens in the ovaries of females during childhood? (b/w birth and puberty)

A

Follicular cells develop around each primary oocyte, to form primary follicles

132
Q

Development of the oocyte in the ovary incl. the follicle after ovulation.

A
  1. Primary oocyte
  2. Primary follicle
  3. secondary oocyte + secondary follicles
  4. Mature follicle
  5. Ovulation
  6. Corpus luteum
  7. Corpus albicans
133
Q

What happens to the primary oocytes in the ovaries of females after puberty?

A
  • Primary oocytes resume meiosis to form secondary oocytes
  • Follicle cells develop to form secondary follicles
  • Outer layer granulose cells differentiate to form theca cells
134
Q

What is copulation?

A

The insertion of an erect penis into the vagina for the purpose of reproduction.

135
Q

The process of sperm being deposited into the vagina?

A

Insemination

136
Q

Artificial methods of contraception: steroidal (Progesterone-only) contraception

Progesterone-only pill

A

(i) Progesterone-only pill
- Low doses of progestin
- Effects on cervical mucus

137
Q

Artificial methods of contraception: steroidal (Progesterone-only) contraception

Subdermal implant/injectables

A
  • Long acting (years)

- Disrupt follicular growth + ovulation

138
Q

Artificial methods of contraception: steroidal (Progesterone-only) contraception

Copper IUD

A
  • Low grade inflammation
  • toxic to oocyte + zygote
  • Impairs implantation
139
Q

Artificial methods of contraception: steroidal (Progesterone-only) contraception

Hormonal IUD (Mirena)

A
  • Affects cervical mucus
  • Thickens endometrium
  • May affect ovulation

HUBS192 EXAM (7 decks)

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