Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HUBS192 EXAM > Renal system > Flashcards

Renal system Flashcards

1
Q

Between which vertebral levels do the kidneys sit?

Where are they positioned relative to the peritoneum?

A

T12-L3

Retroperitoneal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What passes through the hilum of the kidney?

A
  • Blood vessels (arteries + veins)
  • Lymphatics
  • Ureter
  • Nerves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which liver is inferior and why?

A

Right bc of liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where are the kidneys surrounded by?

What glands sit above them?

A
  • Fat pads

- Adrenal glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 3 regions of the kidneys and what makes up the outer surface?

A
  • Cortex
  • Medulla
  • Pelvis
  • Surrounded by fibrous capsule
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the medulla arranged into? What do they end in?

A
  • Pyramids

- Papilla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Urine passage through the kidneys into the ureter

A

Papilla –> minor calyx –> major calyx –> renal pelvis –> ureter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Blood supply to, through and from the kidneys

A

Abdominal aorta –> renal artery –> series of arteries –> afferent arteriole –> glomerular capillary –> efferent arteriole –> peritubular capillaries –> series of veins –> renal vein –> inferior vena cava

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Nerve supply of the kidneys? Made up of?

A
  • Renal plexus

- autonomic nerves + ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Two types of nephron + defining features

A
  1. Cortical nephron
    - 85%
    - Lie mainly in cortex
  2. Juxtamedullary nephrons
    - Extend deep into medulla
    - concentrated urine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Glomerulus:

  • Specialised for?
  • Endothelium?
  • Supplied + drained by?
  • Pressure?
A
  • Filtration
  • Fenestrated, simple squamous endothelium
  • arterioles
  • High pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Peritubular capillaries

  • Specialised for?
  • position?
  • Arise from?
  • Pressure?
A
  • Absorption
  • Adjacent to renal tubules
  • Aries from arterioles draining glomeruli
  • low P
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Vasa recta

  • structure
  • associated w/
A
  • long, straight vessels (extensions of peritubular capillaries)
  • Associated w/ LoH in juxtamedullary nephrons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What makes up the renal corpuscle?

A

Glomerulus + bowman’s capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Structure of bowman’s capsule

A

Outer layer - simple squamous
Bowman’s space
Inner layer - podocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What facilitates filtration at the glomerular capillaries

A

Filtration slits formed by the pedicels of the podocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is/isn’t filtered at the blood-urine barrier?

A 
Filtered (usually):
- Water and small molecules
- Na+ and K+
- Glucose
Cannot be filtered (usually):
- Proteins
- RBCs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Layers of the blood-urine barrier

A
  1. Fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillary
  2. Fused basement membrane
  3. Filtration slits b/w pedicels of the podocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How does the outer cortex separate the medullary pyramids?

A

Renal columns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What forms a kidney lobe?

A

One medullary pyramid + all the cortex that surrounds it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q 
Specialised cells of the afferent arteriole
\+ form part of?
\+ what type of receptor
\+ detect?
\+ How do they respond to stimulus?
A
  • Juxtaglomerular cells
  • JGA
  • Mechanoreceptor
  • BP
  • Release renin, which stimulates angiotensin II formation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

  • What type of reabsorption
  • Surrounded by
  • Epithelium (structure + what it contains)
A
  • Bulk reabsorption
  • Peritubular capillaries
  • Cuboidal epithelial cells w/ dense microvilli on luminal membrane
  • Many mitochondria + highly folded basolateral membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Loop of Henle

  • Surrounded by?
  • Why is length important?
  • Position in kidney?
  • Structure
  • Which parts absorb what?
  • Mechanism that helps create gradient?
A
  • Vasa recta (juxtamedullary only)
  • To produce highly concentrated urine
  • Penetrates medulla
  • Descending limb: thick section = cuboidal, thin section = simple squamous; reabsorption of water
  • Ascending limb: thin = simple squamous, thick = cuboidal; reabsorption of salt
  • Counter-current system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Distal convoluted tube

  • What type of reabsorption?
  • Epithelium (structure + what it contains)
A
  • Fine tuning (regulated reabsorption)
  • cuboidal epithelium
  • Fewer mitochondria and few microvilli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Collecting duct

  • What type of reabsorption?
  • Receives filtrate from?
  • Empties filtrate into?
  • Epithelium
  • Reabsorption influenced by?
A
  • Fine tuning (regulated reabsorption)
  • Multiple DCTs
  • Papilla
  • Simple cuboidal (principal cells for reabsorption + intercalated cells for acid/base balance)
  • ADH and aldosterone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

JGA:

  • Where does it lie?
  • Controls what?
  • Stabilises what?
A
  • Between efferent and afferent arterioles
  • Controls GFR
  • Stabilises BP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Specialised cells of the efferent arteriole
+ What type of cells?
+ What type of receptor
+ Detect?

A
  • Macula densa cells
  • Chemoreceptors
  • Detect Na+ conc. in filtrate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What motility pattern moves urine through ureters?

A
  • Peristaltic waves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Layers of the ureter + structure

A
  1. Mucosa
    - transitional epithelium, stratified
  2. Muscularis
    - Inner longitudinal, outer circular
  3. Adventitia
    - Outer covering of FCT
    - Protein plaques on inner surface (stops urine leakage)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How does the ureter act as a sphincter/valve?

A

Runs obliquely through bladder wall, thus compressed by muscles during increased bladder pressure –> prevents back flow of urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

3 openings of the bladder known as?

A

trigone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Male vs female bladder position

A 
Male:
- anterior to rectum
- superior to prostate gland
Female:
- anterior to vagina + uterus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Layers of the bladder wall

A
  1. Mucosa
    - Transitional epithelium
    - Allows it to expand w/out great increase in P
  2. Detrusor muscle
    - Meshwork of oblique, longitudinal and circular muscle fibres
  3. Adventitia
    - Connective tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Epithelia transition in urethra

A
  1. Transitional near bladder
  2. Columnar
    - Mucous protection from urine
  3. Stratified squamous near anus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Female vs male urethra

A 
Male:
- Long
- Part of repro. system
- 3 sections: prostatic, membranous, spongy/penile
Female:
- Short
- Separate from RS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Urethral sphincters

  • Junction of?
  • Composed of?
  • Voluntary/involuntary control
A 
Internal:
- Urethra and bladder
- Detrusor muscle
- Involuntary control (parasympathetic)
External:
- Where urethra passes through urogenital diaphragm
- Skeletal muscle
- Voluntary control
37
Q

Urination steps

A

Bladder expands –> APs to brain –> urgency –> inner sphincter relaxes –> conscious relaxation of external sphincter –> urination

38
Q

Places in the urinary tract which contain transitional epithelium?

A

Ureter, bladder, urethra

39
Q

Composition of normal urine

A
  • Water (95-98%)
  • Creatinine
  • Urea
  • H+
  • Ammonia
  • Na+
  • K+
  • Drugs
  • Toxins
40
Q

Composition of pathogenic urine

A
  • Glucose
  • Protein
  • Blood
  • Hb
  • Leucocytes
  • Bacteria
41
Q

Look, taste + smell of normal urine

A
  • Clear, light or dark amber
  • Acidic (pH 5-7, depending on diet); NOT sweet
  • No smell
42
Q

Look, taste + smell of pathogenic urine

A
  • Golden, red, brown, blue
  • Sweet
  • Smells like fruits (diabetes, etc.) or rotten (infection)
43
Q

Functions of the kidneys

A
  1. Water + salt/ion homeostasis
  2. Filtration
  3. Reabsorption
  4. Hormone production (EPO)
  5. Metabolism
  6. Gluconeogenesis
  7. Excretion of drugs, urea, etc.
  8. pH regulation
44
Q

Rate of filtration? (GFR)

A

125mL/min (180L/day)

45
Q

Rate of blood supply to the kidneys?

A

1-1.2L/main

46
Q

How does DCT monitor BP

A

Senses how much vol. is filtered

47
Q

How to calculate effective filtration pressure?

A

(glomerular hydrostatic pressure + capsular osmotic pressure) - (glomerular osmotic pressure + capsular hydrostatic pressure)

48
Q

What is renal clearance?

+ Formula

A

The RATE at which substances are cleared by the kidneys per unit time
C = (Conc. in urine x vol. of urine) / conc. in plasma

49
Q

What is GFR?

+ Estimated how?

A
  • VOLUME of fluid filtered per unit time

- estimated using creatinine or inulin (bc aren’t reabsorbed, secreted or metabolised)

50
Q

What is filtration fraction?

A

GFR / renal plasma flow

ratio b/w blood flow and filtration

51
Q

Filtered load

- Calculation

A

AMOUNT of a substance filtered per minute

FL = GFR x conc. in plasma

52
Q

Solutes which are only reabsorbed

A
  • Glucose
  • Water
  • Na+
  • Cl-
  • PO4-
  • Ca2+
53
Q

Solutes which are only secreted

A

Organic cations + anions (e.g. drugs - PAH)

54
Q

How is water transported across different parts of the nephron?

A
  1. Paracellular
    - PCT
    - leaky epithelium (gaps b/w tight junctions are leaky)
    - high permeability
    - needs gradient
  2. Transcellular
    - tight epithelium; tight tight junctions
    - low permeability
    - 2 barriers, involves aquaporins (APQ1 in PCT + APQ2 in CCT))
55
Q

What percentage of sodium, water and chloride are reabsorbed in the PCT?

A

66%

56
Q

How much glucose + AAs are reabsorbed in the PCT

A

99%

57
Q

How much sodium, phosphate and calcium are reabsorbed in the PCT?

A

most

58
Q

How much bicarbonate is reabsorbed in the PCT

A

80%

59
Q

How much urea is reabsorbed in the PCT?

A

50%

60
Q

Proportions of sodium reabsorbed in different parts of the nephron

A

PCT - 66%
TAL - 25%
DCT - 5%
CCT - 3%

61
Q

What is the apical transporter that allows glucose to be reabsorbed coupled to Na+?

A

SGLT1 or SGLT2

62
Q

What is the basolateral transporter which allows glucose to diffuse into the interstitium? (facilitated diffusion)

A

GLUT1 or GLUT2

63
Q

What membrane protein allows Na+ to maintain its coupling function?

A

Na+/K+ ATPase

64
Q

How is the Hyperosmotic medullary gradient (HOMG) created?

A
  • Salt is reabsorbed, causing the medulla interstitium to be hypERosmotic
  • Filtrate becomes dilute; must be reabsorbed in CD
65
Q

What does the DCT and CD reabsorb/secrete?

- Hormonal control?

A
  • Reabsorb remaining salt + water
  • Secrete K+ and H+
  • Salt ions = aldosterone
  • Water = ADH
66
Q

What percentage of our body weight is our total body water (TBW)?

A

Women - 55%

Men - 60%

67
Q

Components of TBW

A

ICF = 2/3
ECF = 1/3; divided into
- plasma = 1/5
- Interstitial fluid = 4/5

68
Q

What is osmolarity

A

Number of ions per vol. of water

69
Q

What is tonicity?

A

Effect of a solution on cells

70
Q

Osmolarity in different parts of the nephron

A

PCT - isosmotic
tDLH/bottom of LoH - hypertonic
TAL - hypotonic
CD - hypertonic

71
Q

Relative osmolarity of ECF and ICF?

A

Same; tightly regulated b/w 275-295mosmol/L

72
Q

Movement of water during

  • dehydration
  • hyperhydration
A
  • Water lost from ECF only

- Water gained by ECF only

73
Q

How is body osmolarity regulated?

A
  1. Change in TBW detected by osmoreceptors in hypothalamus
  2. Stimulates pituitary gland to secrete more/less ADH
  3. ADH alters permeability of CD to water
  4. Water retained/excreted to balance initial TBW
  5. Plasma osmolarity stable
  6. Cell vol. stable
74
Q

What does ADH do?

A

Insert aquaporins (AQP2) into luminal membrane of CD

75
Q

Urine composition w/ ADH

A

Small vol of highly concentrated urine

76
Q

Urine composition w/out ADH

A

large vol. of dilute urine

77
Q

What are the 2 water homeostasis regulation systems?
What do they react to?
Correct via?
- What happens if not corrected?

A
  1. Fast
    - Reacts to changes in osmolarity
    - ADH system
    - Problems w/ cell size + function
  2. Slow
    - React to changes in (isosmotic) volume
    - Corrected via sodium retention/excretion
    - Problems w/ circulating vol. + BP
78
Q

What 3 main sites detect change in ECF vol.? Via what receptors?

A
  1. High pressure baroreceptors (“Pressure sensors”)
    - aorta, carotid
  2. Low pressure baroreceptors (“vol. sensors”)
    - vana cava, right atrium
  3. Intra-renal baroreceptors + macula densa
    - JGA
79
Q

Action of low pressure baroreceptors

A

High vol. = release ANP/ANH

- promotes loss of sodium in urine

80
Q

Action of intra-renal sensors

A

Low BP/ECF vol = alters renin secretion

81
Q

RAAS system

A
  1. Renin secreted by JGA
  2. Renin cleaves angiotensin –> angiotensin I
  3. Angiotensin I –> angiotensin II by ACE
  4. Angiotensin II = vasoconstrictor and Na+ reabsorption, also stimulates aldosterone release (from adrenal gland)
  5. Aldosterone = sodium reabsorption via sodium channels in DCT + CD
82
Q

What does ANP do?

A

Decrease vol. by:

  • Incr. sodium filtration
  • decreased sodium reabsorption
  • Decreased renin secretion
83
Q

Net urinary excretion of a substance (calculation)

A

Amount filtered - amount reabsorbed + amount secretion

84
Q

How much of the cardiac output does the kidney receive?

A

20%

85
Q

Approximately how much of the plasma gets filtered out? (FF)

A

20%

86
Q

Which 2 intrinsic mechanisms determine the amount of blood flow in the afferent arteriole?
- What happens if GFR is too high?

A
  1. Myogenic autoregulation of the smooth muscle surrounding the afferent arteriole
    - incr. GFR = more vasoconstriction
  2. Tubuloglomerular feedback, involving the JGA
    - too much salt (macula densa cells) = vasoconstriction
87
Q

Example of extrinsic modulation

A

Sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerves (e.g. constrict during exercise)

88
Q

Approximately how much of the remaining water is reabsorbed in the DCT + CD?

A

2-8%

89
Q

Approximately how much of the remaining sodium is reabsorbed in the DCT + CD?

A

8%

HUBS192 EXAM (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions