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HUBS192 EXAM > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

Major arteries of abdomen/leg?

A 
Common iliac artery
External iliac artery
Femoral artery
Popliteal artery
Posterior tibial artery
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2
Q

Major veins of abdomen/leg?

A 
Common iliac vein
External iliac vein
Femoral vein
Great saphenous vein (superficial)
Popliteal vein
Small saphenous vein (superficial)
Posterior tibial vein
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3
Q

Systemic and Pulmonary Circuits: which lies in parallel and which lies in series?

A

Pulmonary: series
Systemic: parallel

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4
Q

Equation for blood flow in a vessel

A 
Flow = Pressure difference/Resistance 
(F = P/R)
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5
Q

What are the 3 degrees of permeability for capillaries?

A

Continuous (controlled/tight)
Fenestrated (leaky)
Sinusoidal (v leaky)

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6
Q

3 pathways for drainage?

A

Deep veins
Superficial veins
Lymphatics

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7
Q

Layers of the heart wall + main function; (incl. sac)

A
  1. Endocardium: barrier layer
  2. Myocardium: muscle layer
  3. Epicardium: supply & drainage
    - Pericardium: covers heart
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8
Q

AV valves:

  • Function?
  • How many valves on each side?
  • Diastole vs systole?
A
  • Prevent blood returning to atria during ventricular contraction
  • RHS tricuspid & LHS bicuspid
  • Diastole is open & systole is closed
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9
Q

Left ventricle: structure/function of;

  • Papillary muscles
  • Chordae tendinae
A
  • Papillary muscles: finger-like projections attached to chordae tendinae
  • Chordae tendinae: ‘heart strings’ attached to AV cuspids
  • -> prevents valves from slamming shut & swinging into atrial chamber
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10
Q

SL valves:

  • Function?
  • How many valves?
A
  • Prevent blood from returning to ventricles during diastole
  • Aortic valve: 3 cuspids
  • Pulmonary valve: 3 cuspids
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11
Q

Difference b/w cardiac & skeletal muscle:

  • structure of cells
  • position of nuclei
  • ICDs or not?
A

Cardiac: short, fat, branched; central nucleus; ICDs

Skeletal: long, thin, linear; peripheral nuclei; no ICDs

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12
Q

3 junctions of ICDs?
Also:
- what do they link?
- purpose?

A
  1. Adhesion belts: link actin to actin; synchronised propagation
  2. Desmosomes: link cytokeratin to cytokeratin; holds cells together
  3. Gap junction: electrochemical communication
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13
Q

3 Layers of blood vessel wall

A
  1. Intima
  2. Media
  3. Adventitia
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14
Q

Layers of intima & their function

A
  1. Endothelium; non-stick surface
  2. Sub-endothelium; cushion
  3. Internal Elastic Lamina; provide elasticity & resilience
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15
Q

What is the media composed of?

A

Smooth muscle + connective tissue fibres (mainly elastin + collagen)

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16
Q

What is the adventitia composed of? Function?

A
  • Loose FCT w/ lots of collagen & some elastin

- Protective sheath around vessel

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17
Q

Histological structure of arteries (deep to superficial)

A 
Endothelium
intima
IEL
media
adventitia
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18
Q

Function of arterioles

A
  • resistance vessels

- determine BP

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19
Q

Histological structure of veins

A

Intima
media
adventitia (thickest)

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20
Q

Function of venules

A
  • start of the drainage system (smallest/first veins)

- contain venus valves

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21
Q

Functions of lymph vascular system

A
  1. Drainage of excess tissue fluid & return to blood
  2. Filtration
  3. Defence (screens for antigens, releases antibodies/activates immune cells)
  4. Fat absorption
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22
Q

Describe the cardiac cycle

A
  1. Atrial systole; atria contract, AV valves open, blood flows into ventricles
  2. Isometric ventricular contraction; ventricles contract, atria relax, all valves closed (pressure builds)
  3. Ejection; blood leaves ventricles via SL valves, AV closed
  4. Isometric ventricular relaxation; blood enters atria, all valves closed
  5. Passive ventricular filling; AV valves open
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23
Q

3 Stages of cardiac contraction

A
  1. Increase in cytosolic Ca2+ levels (induces Ca2+ release from SR)
  2. Exposure of actin binding site (allows myosin to bind –> cross bridge)
  3. A&M filaments slide across each other (contraction)
24
Q

How do you increase the force of cardiac contraction?

A

Increase the cytosolic Ca2+ level

25
Q

How do you calculate pulse?

A

Difference b/w highest & lowest BP in cardiac cycle

26
Q

How do elastic arteries regulate the blood pressure wave to provide continuous blood flow to the capillaries?

A

Store energy/force by expanding at high pressure and release it by contracting at low pressure

27
Q

Conduction pathway

A
  1. SA node (generated)
    - travel via interatrial bundle and internodal bundle
  2. Right & left atria, paused in AV node
    - travel via AV bundle, then L & R branch
  3. Septum
    - travel via purkinje fibres
  4. Lateral wall (ventricles)
28
Q

Features of the ECG trace

A
  1. P-wave: SAN pulse & atrial depolarisation
  2. QRS: ventricular depolarisation & atrial depolarisation
  3. T-wave: ventricular repolarisation
29
Q

How do you calculate arterial pressure?

A

CO (cardiac output) x TPR (resistance)

30
Q

What is cardiac output? What is it determined by?

A
  • The blood flow leaving the heart

- Determined by stroke vol. (SV) and HR

31
Q

How are SV and HR controlled?

A

HR: by vagal and/or sympathetic activity to the SAN
SV: by changing sympathetic activity to the contractile cells

32
Q

What is needed for organs to have fine vascular control of blood flow?

A

High arterial blood pressure (MAP)

33
Q

What is the approximate relative distribution of blood to the body’s organs at rest?

A 
Skeletal muscle (29%)
GI system (25%)
Kidney (20%)
Brain (14%)
Skin (7.5%)
Coronary circulation (4.5%)
34
Q

How does the distribution of blood flow change during exercise?

A
  • Increased flow to muscle, the heart, and the skin (except not the skin during maximal exercise)
  • Decreased flow to GI tract & kidney (rest and digest organs)
  • Distribution to brain doesn’t change
35
Q

How does MAP stay constant during exercise?

A

MAP = CO x TPR

thus, since CO increases and TPR decreases, it stays approx. constant.

36
Q

Which organs increase resistance and which organs decrease it?

A
  • Increase: kidneys, intestines, spleen, etc.

- Decrease: heart, muscle, skin

37
Q

Why are arterioles effective resistance vessels?

A
  1. Many of them

2. Small changes in diameter make significant difference to blood flow (R = 1/(r)^4)

38
Q

What is vascular compliance? What is the relative compliance of arteries vs veins? Why is this?

A
  • Compliance is the vessel’s ability to change shape in response to a changing internal pressure.
  • Arteries have low compliance bc they have a thick wall & veins have high compliance bc they have a thin wall.
39
Q

What is the equation for compliance?

A

C = change in volume / change in pressure

40
Q

What is venoconstriction useful for?

A

Transfusing stored blood in the veins into the arterial system when MAP is low.

41
Q

What is venous pooling & what mechanisms counteract it?

A
  • The accumulation of blood in the veins due to their high compliance.
  • venous valves and tissue tone
42
Q

What is the effect of skeletal muscle contraction on venous blood flow? Why?

A
  • Increases flow

- Push on veins which increases pressure and forces blood forward (not back, bc of valves)

43
Q

What is Starling’s law of the heart? How does it relate to venous return?

A
  • The more stretched muscle fibres are before a contraction, the stronger the contraction will be.
  • The more blood that returns to the heart = the more that leaves = the higher the stroke vol.
44
Q

How do you calculate stroke volume?

A

Vol. of blood in heart before contraction - vol. of blood in heart after contraction.

45
Q

What are 3 nodes which are involved in the immune response? (bc they bathe immune cells)

A

Cervical (neck)
Oxillary (armpit)
Imguinal (groin)

46
Q

Where does the right lymphatic duct go to?

A

Right subclavian vein

47
Q

Where does the lymph from the small intestines go to? Where does it go from there?

A

Cysterna chyli –> thoracic duct –> left subclavian vein

48
Q

What is the anatomical basis of contraction of the heart?

A

Helical muscle fibres; squeezing/twisting/contorting movement

49
Q

How do elastic arteries maintain a relatively constant pressure/flow despite the pulsatile nature of blood in the arteries?

A

They stretch when a large amount of blood flows through, and recoil when the volume drops.

50
Q

What is the conduction pathway of the heart?

A

SAN –> atria –> AVN –> AV bundle –> lateral wall (purkinje fibres)

51
Q

How is BP controlled?

  • coordinated where?
  • which receptors? Where?
  • Pathway for low and high BP (incl. which component of nervous system)
A
  • Coordinated in the brainstem
  • Baroreceptors in the aorta and carotid arteries (neck) detect change
  • Low BP: (SNS)
    medulla –> spinal cord –> sympathetic ganglia –> nodes –> increased HR
  • High BP: (PSNS)
    medulla –> vagus nerve –> nodes –> decreased HR
52
Q 
State what happens to each of the following when someone's standing upright:
SV
HR
CO
VR
MAP
A 
SV decreases
HR increases (to compensate)
CO decreases (slightly)
VR increases (to compensate for decreased CO)
MAP remains relatively constant
53
Q

What is the normal BP for:
Systolic
Diastolic
MAP

A 
Systolic = 120
Diastolic = 80
MAP = 90-100
54
Q

4 essential equations:
MABP (x2)
PP
CO

A 
MABP = DP + (1/3 PP)
MABP = CO x TPR
PP = SP - DP
CO = HR x SV
55
Q

Difference b/w blood entering the right atrium in adult vs fetus

A

Adult: deoxygenated blood
Fetus: oxygenated blood

56
Q

Foramen ovale:

  • Adult or fetus?
  • Function?
  • Location?
  • Equivalent in adult/fetus?
A
  • Fetus
  • Pathway for blood to flow from right to left atria, so that it bypasses the lungs
  • In the septum; b/w atria
  • Fossa ovalis
57
Q

Ductus arteriosus

  • Adult or fetus?
  • Function?
  • Location?
  • Equivalent in adult/fetus?
A
  • Fetus
  • vessel connecting the pulmonary trunk w/ the aortic arch; enables another portion of the blood to detour into the systemic circulation w/out going thr’ lungs
  • branching b/w the pulmonary trunk and the aortic arch
  • ligamentum arteriosum

HUBS192 EXAM (7 decks)

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