Reproductive System Flashcards
Leydig Cells
human testicle
have receptor for Luteinizing hormone which activated synthesis of testosterone
dihydrotestosterone
testosterone can be activated by 5-a reductase in sertoli cells to a more potent DHT
theca cells
receptors for luteinizing hormone which activates synthesis and secretion of primarily androgens
follicle granulosa cells
have receptors for follicle-stimulating hormone and use androgens to synthesize estrogen and secrete primarily estradiol.
Aromatase
forms the aromatic ring of estorgens which will bend ring A in a upward configuration which is needed for recognition by the estrogen receptor
Cryptorchidism
condition when testes do not descend into scrotum
sertoli cells
- seminiferous epithelium
- secrete inhibin ( inhibits FSH secretion)
- secrete androgen-binding protein (binds testosterone to keep concentration high)
- TJ join adjacent cells (blood-testis barrier)
Germ Cell Testicular Tumors
- Seminoma ( Classical and Spermatocytic)
- Stromal Tumors ( Leydig Cell)
Ducts of Testes
Intratesticular and Excurrent ducts
Excurrent ducts
efferent ductules, epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory ducts
Seminal vesicles
- paired glands posterior to bladder
- secrete a white, yellowish, alkaline, vicious fluid (contains fructose & prostaglandins)
Prostate
- Single gland inferior to bladder
- biomarker is Prostate specific antigen
- most prostatic carcinomas arise from peripheral zone
- benign prostatic hyperplasia (transition zone)
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
- Proliferation of glandular epithelium
- transition zone
- formation of numerous nodules
male urethra
prostatic (transitional epithelium), membranous, and penile (spongy)- ( pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium)
erection
Parasympathetic stimulation
NO–> guanylate cyclase –> cGMP
fibers from pelvic splanchnic, to the erectile tissue travel via the prostatic plexus and run to the erectile tissues as the cavernous nerves
ejaculation
sympathetic stimulation
Primordial germ cells
arise from embryonic yolk sac
oogonia
mitosis of primordial germ cells
primary oocyte arrested at
prophase of meiosis 1 until puberty
all are formed at birth
Theca interna cells
steroid secreting cells - produce androstenedione ( precursor of estrogen)
Granulosa cells
(receptors for FSH) secrete aromatase, an enzyme that converts androstenedione to estrogen
Ovulation
surge of luteinizing hormone
prior, primary oocyte completes first meiotic division
secondary oocyte enters second meiotic division and is arrested at metaphase
secondary oocyte and surrounding granulosa cells are released
corpus luteum
if released ovum is fertilized, functions for 8 weeks
hormones inhibit LH and FSH
granulosa lutein cells
secrete progesterone
theca lutein cells
secrete progesterone and androgens
Fallopian tube/ oviduct / uterine tube
- conduct ova expelled from ovary to uterus
- infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, intrauterine
Proliferative phase
follicular phase/ estrogen phase
this phase follows menstruation (day 5-14)
under influence of estrogen
spiral arteries lengthen and coil slightly
secretory phase
progesteron phase, luteal phase starts after ovulation under influence of progesterone glands become elongated, coiled, dilated late phase ( saw tooth appearance)
menstrual phase
withdrawal of progesterone causes ischemia of spiral arteries, epithelium degenerates
functional layer sheds– menstration
Transformation Zone of cervix
squamo-columnar junction
all precancerous cervical lesions develop here
syncytiotrophoblastic cells
secrete human chorionic gonadotrophin
Perineal body
a fibrous body where all the perineal muscles converge and attach to the perineal membrane
Episiotomy
the pelvic and perineal muscles may tear during childbirth
severe post partum complications with external anal sphincter …
oblique cut through the bulbospongiosus and superficial transverse perineal muscles may help prevent excessive damage
ischioanal fossa
fat filled area surrounding the anal canal, traversed by fibrous bands. support the anal canal and permid its distention during defecation
Pudendal nerve - somatic motor innervation
external anal sphincter, ischiocavernosus, bulbospongiosusu, perineal pouches
pudendal nerve- somatic sensory
anus, scrotum/ labia, penis/ clitoris, lower 1/4 of vagina
Pudendal nerve - sympathetic innervation
scrotum/ labia, penis, anal region
pudendal nerve branches
- inferior rectal nerve - external anal sphincter
- perineal nerve
- dorsal nerve of the penis and clitoris
Lymph fro penis/ clitoris and labia minora
deep inguinal nodes
lymph from perineal skin
horizontal superficial inguinal lymph
Rickets / Osteomalicia
in children Rickets, adults Osteomalacia
due to vitamin D deficiency
low levels of Ca & Phosphate
Ovary
blood supply: ovarian artery from aorta
venous drainage: into ICV on right and renal vein on left
lymph: lumbar nodes
proper ovarian ligament
attached ovary to uterus
suspensory ligament
suspends ovary in the pelvic cavity consisting of ovarian vasculature
isthmus
part of uterine tube, narrowest portion directly attached to uterus
ampulla
part of uterine tube, where fertilization of the ovum takes place
infundibulum
widest portion and has fimbria at the opening- facilitates movement of ovum into tube
uterine position
anteflexed- bent forward - uterine body to cervix
anteverted - turned forward- cervix to vagina
uterine prolapse
due to the loss of support by the cardinal/ uterosacral/ pubocervical ligaments and levator ani
rectouterine pouch (of Douglas)
lowest point in the ABD cavity in the upright position
Culdoscope
endoscopic instrument that can be inserted through posterior part of vaginal fornix to examine ovaries or uterine tubes
body of uterus, cervix, upper vagina lymph
lymph: external & internal iliac nodes
lower vagina lymph
superficial inguinal
Above PPL
uterine tubes, uterus body- visceral afferents for pain travel via sympathetics (inferior hypogastric plexus)
Below PPL
lower porition of cervix, urinary bladder, upper vagina, large intestine after middle of sigmoid colon- visceral afferents for pain travel via parasympathetics
lower 1/4 of vagina
somatic pain fibers via pudendal nerve
testes lymph
lumbar nodes
prostates, seminal vesicles, ductus deferens
internal illiac nodes
Kidney develops from
pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros (will form definitive kidney)
Urogenital Sinus
develops the bladder and urethra
Testes Dertermining Factor
encoded by the SRY gene on the short arm of the Y chromosome which acts as the switch for testes development
Antimullerian hormone AMH
produced by sertoli cells
Gubernaculum
developing testes is connected to the area on the anterior ABD wall
processus vaginalis
forms the tunica vaginalis
Congenital inguinal hernia
if the connecting portion of the processus vaginalis does not obliterate it leaves a patency in the inguinal canal here intestines may herniate through
- hydrocele
- indentified by transillumination
Cryptorchidism
testes do not descend into the scrotum
usually found in inguinal canal
Ectopic testes
after descending into the inguinal canal, it may become lodged in various locations
development of mesonephric ducts
male genital ducts stimulated by testosterone from leydig cells
development of paramesonephric ducts
female gential ducts- occurs unless suppressed by AMH from sertoli cells
double uterus
incomplete fusion of the paramesonephric ducts
bicornate uterus
incomplete fusion of paramesonephric ducts is superior
unicornate uterus
incomplete development of one of the paramesonephric ducts
rudimentary horn
failure of parts of one or both paramesonephric ducts to develop
vaginal agenesis
failure of the sino-vaginal bulbs to develop and form the vaginal plate. absence of the vagina is usually accompanied by absence of uterus.
vagina atresia
incomplete canalization of the vaginal canal
imperforate hymen
failure of vaginal plate to perforate
Canal of Nuck
If the processes vaginalis remains patent
scrotum is formed ?
labioscrotal swellings
penile urethra formed?
phallic part of UG sinus
vental surface of penis and spongy urethra formed?
urogenital folds
penis formed?
genital tubercle
clitoris is formed?
phallic tubercle
urogenital folds form
labia minora –( do not fuse)
vestibule of vagina formed?
phallic part of UG sinus
labia majora
formed by labioscrotal swellings- do not fuse
Hypospadias
failure of urethral folds to unite results in abnormal urethral orifices on the ventral surface of penis
Epispadias
urethra opens on the dorsal surface of penis
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
individuals who appear female but have 46, XY- results from cellular resistance to testosterone
implantation
posterior wall of uterus close to fundus
ectopic pregnancy
any implantation outside of the endometrium of the uterus
human chorionic gonadotrophin hCG
secreted by syncytiotrophoblast
prevents involution of corpus luteum
Amniotic band syndrome
amniotic bands can amputate the limbs
Neural Tube Defects
deficiency in folate, increase in alpha fetal protein
