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ER > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

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1
Q

Leydig Cells

A

human testicle

have receptor for Luteinizing hormone which activated synthesis of testosterone

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2
Q

dihydrotestosterone

A

testosterone can be activated by 5-a reductase in sertoli cells to a more potent DHT

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3
Q

theca cells

A

receptors for luteinizing hormone which activates synthesis and secretion of primarily androgens

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4
Q

follicle granulosa cells

A

have receptors for follicle-stimulating hormone and use androgens to synthesize estrogen and secrete primarily estradiol.

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5
Q

Aromatase

A

forms the aromatic ring of estorgens which will bend ring A in a upward configuration which is needed for recognition by the estrogen receptor

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6
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

condition when testes do not descend into scrotum

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7
Q

sertoli cells

A
  • seminiferous epithelium
  • secrete inhibin ( inhibits FSH secretion)
  • secrete androgen-binding protein (binds testosterone to keep concentration high)
  • TJ join adjacent cells (blood-testis barrier)
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8
Q

Germ Cell Testicular Tumors

A
  • Seminoma ( Classical and Spermatocytic)

- Stromal Tumors ( Leydig Cell)

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9
Q

Ducts of Testes

A

Intratesticular and Excurrent ducts

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10
Q

Excurrent ducts

A

efferent ductules, epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory ducts

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11
Q

Seminal vesicles

A
  • paired glands posterior to bladder

- secrete a white, yellowish, alkaline, vicious fluid (contains fructose & prostaglandins)

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12
Q

Prostate

A
  • Single gland inferior to bladder
  • biomarker is Prostate specific antigen
  • most prostatic carcinomas arise from peripheral zone
  • benign prostatic hyperplasia (transition zone)
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13
Q

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

A
  • Proliferation of glandular epithelium
  • transition zone
  • formation of numerous nodules
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14
Q

male urethra

A

prostatic (transitional epithelium), membranous, and penile (spongy)- ( pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium)

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15
Q

erection

A

Parasympathetic stimulation
NO–> guanylate cyclase –> cGMP

fibers from pelvic splanchnic, to the erectile tissue travel via the prostatic plexus and run to the erectile tissues as the cavernous nerves

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16
Q

ejaculation

A

sympathetic stimulation

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17
Q

Primordial germ cells

A

arise from embryonic yolk sac

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18
Q

oogonia

A

mitosis of primordial germ cells

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19
Q

primary oocyte arrested at

A

prophase of meiosis 1 until puberty

all are formed at birth

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20
Q

Theca interna cells

A

steroid secreting cells - produce androstenedione ( precursor of estrogen)

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21
Q

Granulosa cells

A

(receptors for FSH) secrete aromatase, an enzyme that converts androstenedione to estrogen

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22
Q

Ovulation

A

surge of luteinizing hormone
prior, primary oocyte completes first meiotic division
secondary oocyte enters second meiotic division and is arrested at metaphase
secondary oocyte and surrounding granulosa cells are released

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23
Q

corpus luteum

A

if released ovum is fertilized, functions for 8 weeks

hormones inhibit LH and FSH

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24
Q

granulosa lutein cells

A

secrete progesterone

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25
Q

theca lutein cells

A

secrete progesterone and androgens

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26
Q

Fallopian tube/ oviduct / uterine tube

A
  • conduct ova expelled from ovary to uterus

- infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, intrauterine

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27
Q

Proliferative phase

A

follicular phase/ estrogen phase
this phase follows menstruation (day 5-14)
under influence of estrogen
spiral arteries lengthen and coil slightly

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28
Q

secretory phase

A 
progesteron phase, luteal phase 
starts after ovulation
under influence of progesterone 
glands become elongated, coiled, dilated 
late phase ( saw tooth appearance)
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29
Q

menstrual phase

A

withdrawal of progesterone causes ischemia of spiral arteries, epithelium degenerates
functional layer sheds– menstration

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30
Q

Transformation Zone of cervix

A

squamo-columnar junction

all precancerous cervical lesions develop here

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31
Q

syncytiotrophoblastic cells

A

secrete human chorionic gonadotrophin

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32
Q

Perineal body

A

a fibrous body where all the perineal muscles converge and attach to the perineal membrane

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33
Q

Episiotomy

A

the pelvic and perineal muscles may tear during childbirth
severe post partum complications with external anal sphincter …
oblique cut through the bulbospongiosus and superficial transverse perineal muscles may help prevent excessive damage

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34
Q

ischioanal fossa

A

fat filled area surrounding the anal canal, traversed by fibrous bands. support the anal canal and permid its distention during defecation

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35
Q

Pudendal nerve - somatic motor innervation

A

external anal sphincter, ischiocavernosus, bulbospongiosusu, perineal pouches

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36
Q

pudendal nerve- somatic sensory

A

anus, scrotum/ labia, penis/ clitoris, lower 1/4 of vagina

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37
Q

Pudendal nerve - sympathetic innervation

A

scrotum/ labia, penis, anal region

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38
Q

pudendal nerve branches

A
  • inferior rectal nerve - external anal sphincter
  • perineal nerve
  • dorsal nerve of the penis and clitoris
39
Q

Lymph fro penis/ clitoris and labia minora

A

deep inguinal nodes

40
Q

lymph from perineal skin

A

horizontal superficial inguinal lymph

41
Q

Rickets / Osteomalicia

A

in children Rickets, adults Osteomalacia
due to vitamin D deficiency
low levels of Ca & Phosphate

42
Q

Ovary

A

blood supply: ovarian artery from aorta
venous drainage: into ICV on right and renal vein on left
lymph: lumbar nodes

43
Q

proper ovarian ligament

A

attached ovary to uterus

44
Q

suspensory ligament

A

suspends ovary in the pelvic cavity consisting of ovarian vasculature

45
Q

isthmus

A

part of uterine tube, narrowest portion directly attached to uterus

46
Q

ampulla

A

part of uterine tube, where fertilization of the ovum takes place

47
Q

infundibulum

A

widest portion and has fimbria at the opening- facilitates movement of ovum into tube

48
Q

uterine position

A

anteflexed- bent forward - uterine body to cervix

anteverted - turned forward- cervix to vagina

49
Q

uterine prolapse

A

due to the loss of support by the cardinal/ uterosacral/ pubocervical ligaments and levator ani

50
Q

rectouterine pouch (of Douglas)

A

lowest point in the ABD cavity in the upright position

51
Q

Culdoscope

A

endoscopic instrument that can be inserted through posterior part of vaginal fornix to examine ovaries or uterine tubes

52
Q

body of uterus, cervix, upper vagina lymph

A

lymph: external & internal iliac nodes

53
Q

lower vagina lymph

A

superficial inguinal

54
Q

Above PPL

A

uterine tubes, uterus body- visceral afferents for pain travel via sympathetics (inferior hypogastric plexus)

55
Q

Below PPL

A

lower porition of cervix, urinary bladder, upper vagina, large intestine after middle of sigmoid colon- visceral afferents for pain travel via parasympathetics

56
Q

lower 1/4 of vagina

A

somatic pain fibers via pudendal nerve

57
Q

testes lymph

A

lumbar nodes

58
Q

prostates, seminal vesicles, ductus deferens

A

internal illiac nodes

59
Q

Kidney develops from

A

pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros (will form definitive kidney)

60
Q

Urogenital Sinus

A

develops the bladder and urethra

61
Q

Testes Dertermining Factor

A

encoded by the SRY gene on the short arm of the Y chromosome which acts as the switch for testes development

62
Q

Antimullerian hormone AMH

A

produced by sertoli cells

63
Q

Gubernaculum

A

developing testes is connected to the area on the anterior ABD wall

64
Q

processus vaginalis

A

forms the tunica vaginalis

65
Q

Congenital inguinal hernia

A

if the connecting portion of the processus vaginalis does not obliterate it leaves a patency in the inguinal canal here intestines may herniate through

  • hydrocele
  • indentified by transillumination
66
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

testes do not descend into the scrotum

usually found in inguinal canal

67
Q

Ectopic testes

A

after descending into the inguinal canal, it may become lodged in various locations

68
Q

development of mesonephric ducts

A

male genital ducts stimulated by testosterone from leydig cells

69
Q

development of paramesonephric ducts

A

female gential ducts- occurs unless suppressed by AMH from sertoli cells

70
Q

double uterus

A

incomplete fusion of the paramesonephric ducts

71
Q

bicornate uterus

A

incomplete fusion of paramesonephric ducts is superior

72
Q

unicornate uterus

A

incomplete development of one of the paramesonephric ducts

73
Q

rudimentary horn

A

failure of parts of one or both paramesonephric ducts to develop

74
Q

vaginal agenesis

A

failure of the sino-vaginal bulbs to develop and form the vaginal plate. absence of the vagina is usually accompanied by absence of uterus.

75
Q

vagina atresia

A

incomplete canalization of the vaginal canal

76
Q

imperforate hymen

A

failure of vaginal plate to perforate

77
Q

Canal of Nuck

A

If the processes vaginalis remains patent

78
Q

scrotum is formed ?

A

labioscrotal swellings

79
Q

penile urethra formed?

A

phallic part of UG sinus

80
Q

vental surface of penis and spongy urethra formed?

A

urogenital folds

81
Q

penis formed?

A

genital tubercle

82
Q

clitoris is formed?

A

phallic tubercle

83
Q

urogenital folds form

A

labia minora –( do not fuse)

84
Q

vestibule of vagina formed?

A

phallic part of UG sinus

85
Q

labia majora

A

formed by labioscrotal swellings- do not fuse

86
Q

Hypospadias

A

failure of urethral folds to unite results in abnormal urethral orifices on the ventral surface of penis

87
Q

Epispadias

A

urethra opens on the dorsal surface of penis

88
Q

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

individuals who appear female but have 46, XY- results from cellular resistance to testosterone

89
Q

implantation

A

posterior wall of uterus close to fundus

90
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

any implantation outside of the endometrium of the uterus

91
Q

human chorionic gonadotrophin hCG

A

secreted by syncytiotrophoblast

prevents involution of corpus luteum

92
Q

Amniotic band syndrome

A

amniotic bands can amputate the limbs

93
Q

Neural Tube Defects

A

deficiency in folate, increase in alpha fetal protein

ER (4 decks)

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