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ER Flashcards

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1
Q

Endocrine Organs HISTO

A

reticular fibers
fenestrated capillaries
secrete hormones

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2
Q

hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

A

carries hormones from hypothalmus to pituitary

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3
Q

development of pituitary

A

anterior- roof of oropharynx (rathkes pouch)
posterior- floor of diencephalon
pars intermedia- remnants of Rathkes puch

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4
Q

parts of anterior pituitary

A

(adenohypophysis)
pars distalis
pars intermedia
pars tuberalis

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5
Q

Pars distalis

A

-part of anterior pituitary
-contains chromophobes
and chromophils ( Acidophils, Basophils )

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6
Q

Acidophils

A

Somatotropes

Mammotropes/ lactotropes

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7
Q

Somatotropes

A

Growth Hormone,

inhibited by somatostatin

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8
Q

Mammotropes/ lactotropes

A

prolactin

inhibited by dopamine produced by hypothalamus

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9
Q

Basophils

A

Gonadotropes
Corticotropes
Thyrotropes

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10
Q

Gonadotropes

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

Luteinizing Hormone

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11
Q

Corticotropes

A

ACTH - adrenocorticotropin

POMC- proopiomelanocortin

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12
Q

Thyrotropes

A

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

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13
Q

Pars Intermedia

A

part of anterior pituitary

associated with cells producing MSH ( a- melanocyte stimulating hormone)

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14
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

(Neurohypophysis)

  • Median eminence
  • Infundibulum
  • Pars Nervosa
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15
Q

Supraoptic Nucleus

A

ADH

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16
Q

Paraventricular nucleus

A

Oxytocin

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17
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

2 in number, Superior pole of kidney
cortex of gland develops from mesoderm
medulla from NCC

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18
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A 
Zona Glomerulosa ( Aldosterone, regulated by angiotensin 2) 
Zona fasiculata 
Zona reticularis  ( cortisol & androgens, regulated by ACTH)
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19
Q

Adrenal Medulla cells

A 
Chromaffin cells (modified pot - ganglionic sympathetic neurons)
Ganglion Cells
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20
Q

Pancreas- “islets of Langerhans”

A

central core of the islets contain B cells- with a cells distributed around outer rim.

  • Alpha cells- secrete glucagon
  • Beta cells- secrete insulin
  • delta cells- gastrin & somatostatin
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21
Q

Thyroid

A

Parafollicular cells- secrete calcitonin ( lowers blood calcium) by directly suppressing osteoclast activity

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22
Q

Parathyroid Gland

A

4 small glands embedding in the posterior part of the thyroid
- Parathyroid Hormone: stimulates osteoclasts to free Ca from bone, stimulates Ca uptake from intestine & kidney

23
Q

Cell Types of Parathyroid Gland

A

Chief Cells- parathyroid hormone ( increases Ca, lowers phosphate)
Oxyphil cells-

24
Q

Pineal Gland

A

consists of melatonin secreting pinealocytes

25
Q

Growth Hormone

A

secreted by somatotrophs in AP
stimulated by GHRH
* also stimulated by Ghrenlin (hypoglycemia)
inhibited by somatostatin ( GHIH)
mechanism- tyrosine Kinase
overall effect is to increase blood glucose

26
Q

mechanism of GHRH

A

increase cAMP- increase Ca

27
Q

Actions of GH

A

liver - (increase blood glucose and IGF)
Adipose tissue - ( increase lipid breakdown, decrease glucose uptake)
Muscle- ( increase protein synthesis, decrease glucose uptake)
** increase in blood glucose— increase in insulin

28
Q

IGFs

A

somatomedins

important for growth - promoting effects of GH

29
Q

Alodosterone

A
  • primary effect on kidney tubules and stimulates ion re-uptake and potassium secretion. water follows sodium ions causing an increase in ECF that will raise BP.
  • released by Adrenal Cortex (Zona Glomerulosa)
  • stimulated by Angiotensin 2
30
Q

Cortisol

A
  • secreted in response to ACTH
  • released from Adrenal Cortex ( Zona Fasciculata/ Reticularis)
  • Adipose Cells: increase lipolysis
  • Liver: increase glucose, glycogen
  • muscle: increase protein breakdown
  • transport: corticosteroid binding glubulin
31
Q

Androgens

A
  • synthesis is stimulated by ACTH.
  • released from adrenal gland ( Zona fasciculata/ Reticularis)
  • weak androgens ( dehyrdoepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione are released into blood and can be converted into testosterone or estrogens)
32
Q

Steroid Hormone Synthesis

A
  • ACTH leads via protein kinase A to activation of both cholesteryll esterase and stAR
  • the generated free cholesterol is transported into the mitochondrial matrix
  • pregnenolone (21C) is formed from cholesterol inside mitochondria by desmolase (P450 or CYP 11A)
33
Q

Prolactin

A 
produced in anterior pituitary
breast development & milk production
inhibited by Dopamine 
Stimulated by TRH
mechanism: Tyrosine Kinase
34
Q

Antidiuretic hormone

A
  • ADH, AVP, Vasopressin
  • synthesized from neuro-hypophysins (posterior pituitary hormone)
  • stimulated by increase in ECF osmolarity, decrease in ECF volume
  • @ kidney- V2 R – increase cAMP @ principal cells
  • @ blood vessels - V1 R— increase IP3 & DAG — increase Ca—- contraction
35
Q

Oxytocin

A

released by posterior pituitary ( neurohypophysins)
stimulated by nursing a baby, pressure against cervix
-mechanism: increase IP3 & DAG

36
Q

Thyroid Releasing Hormone

A
  • synthesized in PVN

- mechanism: increase in IP3 & DAG

37
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

A
  • synthesized in thyrotrophs of AP
  • promotes growth of thyroid gland
  • mechanism: increase cAMP
38
Q

What is synthesized at thyroid gland?

A
  • Thyroxine (T4)

- Triiodothyronine (T3)

39
Q

Iodine

A

synthesis of thyroid hormone requires..

is ingested in idodide (I-) or iodate (IO3)

40
Q

Thyroglobulin

A

synthesis and storage of TH remains here

made in epithelial cells- ( synthesized in ribosomes, transport to Golgi, discharged into follicle lumen)

41
Q

Corticotropin Releasing Hormone

A

released by PVN cells in the hypothalamus
stimulates ACtH synthesis and release from AP
mechanism: increase cAMP

42
Q

ACTH

A

-derived from proopiomelanocortin (POMC)
stimulates Adrenal Cortex ( Zona Glomerulosa)
-conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone
-mechanism : increase cAMP @ adrenal gland

43
Q

Steroid hormones

A

precursor for all hormones is cholesterol

stored as lipid droplets

44
Q

Angiotensin 2

A
  • stimulates release of Aldosterone @ zona glomerulosa cell of adrenal cortex
  • mechanism: increase DAG
45
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

secretes 80% epinephrine, 20% norepinephrine
regulated by Sympathetic control
triggers: stress, exercise, exposure to cold, hypoglycemia

46
Q

Insulin

A

B cells of pancreas
stimulated from high glucose
inhibited by catecholamines & somatostatin
mechanism of action: TK
inhibits glucagon release from alpha cells

47
Q

Glucagon

A

alpha cells of pancreas
main target is liver
stimulated by : high AA, stress, hypoglycemia
mechanism: increase cAMP

48
Q

Somatostatin

A

actions: decrease insulin and glucagon secretion, decrease GIT motility, decrease secretions and absorption by GIT

49
Q

Parathyroid Hormone

A

Released by parathyroid gland
stimulated by a decrease in Ca
mechanism: increase in IP3 & cAMP
increase Ca, decrease phosphate

50
Q

Calcitonin

A

secreted by C cells of thyroid gland

51
Q

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone

A

released in the median eminence of hypothalamus
mechanism: IP3 and DAG
act on anterior pituitary to release
LH (Leydig/ Thecal cell) and FSH (Sertoli/ Granulosa Cell)

52
Q

LH and FSh

A

mechanism: cAMP

53
Q

Progesterone

A

secreted in large amounts by the corpus luteum during luteal phase or placenta

ER (4 decks)

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