Reproductive System Flashcards
semen
liquid and sperm cells; creates a pool for the sperm to swim in
passes out through the urethra
penis
deposits the sperm in the female’s reproductive tract
testes
produce testosterone
ovaries
produce eggs ; estrogen and progesterone
pathway of egg
ovary–> oviduct/ Fallopian tube –> uterus (if it’s not fertilized–>cervix –>vagina
cervix
lower end of the uterus
vagina
muscular tube (birth canal)
menstrual cycle
events that prepare the uterus for pregnancy
Follicle stage –> ovulation –> corpus luteum –> menstruation
vas deferens
tube that carries the sperm from the testes to the urethrea
prostate
gland that adds fluid to the sperm
scrotum
sac of skin that holds the testes; keeps the temp lower than the body to produce sperm
pathway of sperm
testes–> vas deferns–> urethra–> out of body
follicle stage
9 days- egg ripens
**Estrogen & progesterone increase
Ovulation
1 day (14th day), between follicle and corpus leteum, when the mature egg is released into a Fallopian Tube **LH is at its peak
Corpus Luteal Phase
ovulation to menstruation, sac fills with corpus luteum, uterine wall is the thickest (14 days)
**Progesterone increases, FSH LOW
Menstrual Flow Stage
Period of menstruation, estrogen and progesterone levels are lowest, new egg begins to develop, Uterine walls shed and unfertilized egg exits, 3-7 days
**estrogen & progesterone are low
follicle
holds the eggs in the ovaries
what are the 3 layers of the egg cell?
ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm
why is it important that only one sperm fertilizes the egg?
if more than one did, the zygote would not have 2n, and would therefore not be human
if more than one egg is released, what happens?
twins/triplets/quadruplets
why isn’t fertilization considered to be complete until the nuclei join?
that’s when the 2 nuclei (chromosomes) unite and become diploid
how many eggs are made when an egg cell undergoes regular meiosis?
1 egg, 3 polar bodies
Chorion
Gas exchange
Amniotic Fluid
Cushions and protects the embryo
Allantois
Stores waste products and later on acts as a respiratory organ
Embryo
What the organism is called up to 8 weeks after fertilization
Airspace
Functions in helping the embryo to breathe, provides room for growth
Yolk Sac
Contains the yolk
Yolk
Food and nutrients
Albumen
The white of the egg; blood vessels
Shell
Protects the embryo
What does the bird get it’s nutrients?
Yolk sac
How does the bird get it’s O2?
Airspace and chorion
What parts of the egg protects the embryo from the environment?
Shell, amniotic fluid
Placenta
The link between the mom and the embryo.
*blood does not mix
Differentiation
When the cells become specialized and different
Increase in size and # of cells
What determines if a gene is active or inactive?
Environment, construction of of cytoplasm
What does it mean for a gene to be expressed?
Actively producing proteins.
Plants grown without light–>white
Differentiation order
Fertilization->zygote->cleavage->morula->blastula-> gastrula.
Protostome
Animal whose mouth is formed from the blastopore
Deuterostome
An animal whose anus is formed from the blastopore
Endoderm
Innermost layer
Forms the digestive tract and respiratory system
Mesoderm
Middle layer
Makes muscles, circulatory, reproductive, excretory organs
Ectoderm
Outermost layer
Makes sense organs, nerves, outermost layer of skin
Cleavage
Rapid series of mitotic divisions
Blastulation
Blastula forms, made of a single layer of cells
Gastrulation
Forming of 3 germ layers
Sequence of the events for the formation and development of an embryo
Meiosis fertilization cleavage differentiation
Sequence of the development of the embryo
Fertilization cleavage blastula gastrula
Why can alcohol can effect the fetus
The alcohol can diffuse from the mothers blood to the embryo’s within the placenta
What happens in prenatal development?
Menstruation and fertilization
