Reproductive System Flashcards
parts that make up female reproductive system?
- ovaries
- fallopian tubes
- uterus
- vagina
- mammary glands
ovaries
- Size and shape of unshelled almonds
- Superior portion of pelvic inlet, lateral to the uterus
what do ovaries produce?
gametes and hormones
what hormones do the ovaries produce?
- Progesterone
- Estrogen
- Inhibin
- Relaxin
diagram slide 4-5
know how to label ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovarian ligament, fimbriae
Oogensis
- formation of gametes
** begins during fetal development
oogonia
- Diploid stem cells
- Undergo mitosis during fetal development to produce millions of germ cells
- Most degenerate before birth
- A few develop into larger cells called primary oocytes
development of primary oocytes
- Around 400,000
- Primary oocytes begin meiosis during fetal development but do not complete it until after puberty
primary and secondary oocyte formation
- With females, each oogonium or primary oocyte produces 1 secondary oocyte
- Primary oocytes are surrounded by a single layer of follicular cells = Primordial Follicle
- Each month after puberty (until menopause), FSH and LH (from the anterior pituitary) stimulate the development of several primordial follicles
- Before maturation, the primary oocyte completes meiosis I and forms 2 haploid structures; First polar body and Secondary oocyte
- Typically, only 1 primary oocyte reaches maturity; More than 1 leads to the possibility of having fraternal twins
- If a sperm cell joins with the secondary oocyte > zygote (2 n)
what is the purpose of the first polar body?
to have half the genetic material in the secondary oocyte, so it can join with spermatogonia to complete the genetic material
- firs polar body is discarded
how do ovarian cysts form?
Ovarian cysts can form if the mature follicle does not rupture and discharge the secondary oocyte.
diagram slide 8 - 9
cycle of oogenesis
fallopian tubes
- 4” or 10 cm long; Extend laterally from the uterus; Fimbriae (lateral end) are finger-like projections that surround the ovaries
- Fimbriae sweep the ovulated secondary oocyte into the fallopian tube
- Fertilization typically occurs in the fallopian tubes
- The zygote takes 6 to 7 days to arrive to the uterus
anteflexion
forward flexion
uterus
- Site of implantation of the fertilized ovum
- Size and shape of an inverted pear
- Anteflexion is the normal position over the bladder
parts of the male reproductive system
- testes
- accessory glands (prostate, seminal vesicles)
- seminiferous tubules
- penis
slide 19
be able to label
testes
- Oval glands (2” or 5 cm long, 1” or 2.5 cm in diameter)
- Produce sperm and hormones
- Develop near the kidneys
- Descend into the scrotum through inguinal canals (around 7 month mark)
- The testes must be kept outside the body as normal sperm production requires 2 to 3C below core body temperature
slide 21
know parts that have stars beside them
spematogenesis
- Takes 65 – 75 days
- Begins at puberty and continues for the life of the male
- Spermatogonia (2 n) are the stem cells
- Undergo mitosis to form primary spermatocytes (2 n)
- Primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis I to form secondary spermatocytes (n)
- Undergo meiosis II to form 4 haploid spermatids
- Undergo spermiogenesis to form 4 spermatozoa or sperm cells
slide 23
process of sperm formation
spermatogenesis
- Occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes
- Maturation of the sperm occurs in the epididymis (acquire motility)
- Epididymis also stores sperm
- Do not confuse the seminiferous tubules which are part of the testes with the seminal vesicles that are accessary glands that produce the majority of the volume of semen.
slide 25 and 27 and 31
be able to label
- epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, protosthatic urethra, seminal vesicle
- glands and ducts in slide 31
ducts
- vas deferens (or ductus deferens)
- ejaculatory duct
vas deferens
- Begins at the tail of the epididymis
18” or 45 cm long - May also store sperm
- Eventually terminates at the ejaculatory duct
vasectomy
Cutting (vasectomy) and tying off of the vas deferens is a permanent form of birth control. Even though the male continues to produce sperm, the sperm has no way of getting to the urethra during ejaculation.
ejaculatory duct
Formed by the union of the vas deferens and the duct from the seminal vesicles
urethra
- prostatic
- membranous
- spongy
- common passageway for sperm and urine
accessory glands of male reproductive system
- seminal vesicles
- prostate
seminal vesicles
- Secrete an alkaline, viscous fluid
- Neutralize the acidic urethra and female reproductive tract
- 60% of the volume of semen
prostate
- Doughnut shaped gland about the size of a golf ball
- Inferior to bladder surrounding prostatic urethra
- Expands rapidly until about the age of 30 > remains stable until 45, then may start to grow again
- Contributes to sperm motility and viability
- 25% of semen
Bulbourethral glands (Cowper’s glands)
- Paired glands about the size of peas
- Secrete an alkaline fluid into the spongy urethra
- Neutralizes the acidic urethra and lubricates the lining of the urethra and end of the penis
- 15% of semen
semen
- Mixture of sperm and seminal fluids
- Typical ejaculation contains 50-150 million sperm/mL - Below 20 million/mL…sterility
- Alkaline pH
