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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of muscles?

A
  • motion
  • movement of substances within the body
  • stabilizing body position
  • thermogenesis
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2
Q

criteria for naming muscles?

A
  • direction of muscle fibers
  • location
  • size
  • number of origins
  • action
  • origin and insertion
  • shape
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3
Q

origin

A

site that does not move during the contraction
- typically more proximal

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4
Q

insertion

A

site that moves during the contraction
- typically more distal

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5
Q

action

A
  • movement
  • when muscles contract, they shorten and pull on a bone
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6
Q

coordination among muscles

A

Most skeletal muscles are arranged in opposing or ANTAGONISTIC pairs at joints

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7
Q

prime mover (agonist)

A
  • causes the desired movement
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8
Q

Antagonist

A

the opposing muscle relaxes

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9
Q

rectus

A

parallel to midline

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10
Q

synergist

A

steadies a movement

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11
Q

latissimus

A

widest

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12
Q

movement

A
  • exert a force on tendons and in turn pull on bones
  • cross at least one joint
  • muscles that surround a long bone, do not typically move that bone
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13
Q

when muscles pull on bones

A
  • move in one direction - the direction of the fibers
  • therefore, opposing muscle (antagonist) must stretch during the movement - and then becomes the primary mover to return to the resting position
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14
Q

serratus

A

saw toothed

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15
Q

flexion and extension of the elbow

A
  • bicep is the primary mover when flexing the elbow; tricep is the antagonist
  • tricep is primary mover when extending the elbow; bicep is the antagonist
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16
Q

tendon

A

connects muscle to bones

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17
Q

ligaments

A

connects bones to bones
- ACL - femur to tibia

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18
Q

Sternocleidomastoids ORIGIN

A

manubrium and medial end of clavicle

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19
Q

Sternocleidomastoids INSERTION

A

Mastoid process and sup nuchal line of occipital bones

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20
Q

Sternocleidomastoids movement

A
  • Together – lift chin (extend neck
  • Singular – laterally flex to same side (tilt vertex), rotate nose to opposite side
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21
Q

superficial muscles of the trunk/back

A

back muscles act on the shoulder

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22
Q

deep muscles of the back and trunk

A

back muscles extend the trunk and rotate the vertebral column

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23
Q

anterior muscles of the trunk and back

A

trunk muscles form the anterior wall of the abdomen, support the viscera

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24
Q

superficial back muscles

A
  1. trapezius
  2. latissimus dorsi
  3. rhomboid major
  4. levator scapulae
  5. teres major
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25
Q

trapezius origin

A

Occipital bone; superior nuchal line; spinous process C1-T12

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26
Q

trapezius insertion

A

acromian and spine of scapula and clavicle

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27
Q

Latissiumus dorsi ORIGIN

A

Spines T7-L5; ribs 9-12; iliac and sacral crests

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28
Q

Latissimus dorsi insertion

A

bicipital groove of humerus

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29
Q

Levator scapula ORIGIN

A

transverse processes of C1-C4

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30
Q

Levator scapula INSERTION

A

medial, superior border of scapula

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31
Q

Rhomboids (major and minor) origin

A

spine C7-T5

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32
Q

Rhomboids (major and minor) insertion

A

medial or vertebral border of scapula

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33
Q

Latissimus Dorsi movement

A

cause lateral rotation of the shoulder

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34
Q

trapezius movement

A

move shoulder up and back

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35
Q

Levator scapula movement

A

lifts scapula upwards

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36
Q

Rhomboids major and minor movement

A

lateral movement of the scapula

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37
Q

teres major origin

A

post scapula at inferior angle

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38
Q

teres major insertion

A

medial part of bicipital groove

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39
Q

teres major movement

A

internally rotate shoulder

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40
Q

deep back muscles

A

erector spinae
- iliocostalis
- longissimus
- spinalis

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41
Q

erector spinae

A
  • largest muscle mass of the back
  • runs parallel to either side of the spine
  • primary extensor of the vertebral column
  • also important in controlling flexion, lateral flexion and rotation
  • important in maintaining lumbar lordotic curve
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42
Q

anterior trunk muscles

A
  • chest: deep and superficial
  • respiratory
  • abdominal
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43
Q

superficial chest muscles

A

pectoralis major
deltoid

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44
Q

**pectoralis major insertion

A

greater tubercle

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45
Q

**deltoid insertion

A

deltoid tuberosity

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46
Q

deep chest muscles

A
  • pectoralis minor
  • serrates anterior
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47
Q

pectoralis minor origin

A

ribs 2-5

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48
Q

pectoralis minor insertion

A

coracoid process

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49
Q

serrates anterior origin

A

ribs 1-8

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50
Q

serratus anterior insertion

A

medial border and inferior angle of scapula

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51
Q

serratus anterior movement

A

winging of scapula

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52
Q

external intercostals movement

A

elevator the ribs during inspiration (expand the thorax)

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53
Q

internal intercostal movement

A

draw the ribs together during forced expiration (decreases thoracic cavity)

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54
Q

Diaphragm

A
  • most important muscle that powers breathing
  • dome shaped
  • 3 major openings
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55
Q

what are the 3 major openings in the diaphragm?

A
  • aortic hiatus
  • esophageal hiatus
  • caval hiatus
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56
Q

aortic hiatus

A

located at T12
aorta, thoracic duct and azygos vein pass through here

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57
Q

Esophageal hiatus

A

Located at T10
esophagus and vagus nerve pass through here

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58
Q

caval hiatus

A

located at T8
IVC passes through

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59
Q

diaphragm movement

A

contraction of the diaphragm causes it to flatten
- increases dimension of thoracic cavity resulting in inspiration

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60
Q

slide 36

A

labelling diagram

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61
Q

slide 38

A

radiographic appearance of COPD or emphysema

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62
Q

anterior abdominal muscles

A

there are a few bony attachments on the anterior abdominal wall, so these muscles are formed in flat sheets of muscle extending from xiphoid and costal cartilages, to the pubis and around to the thick fascia on the back

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63
Q

origin of external oblique abdominal muscles

A

ribs 5-12

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64
Q

insertion of external oblique anterior abdominal muscles

A

linea alba and iliac crest

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65
Q

origin of internal oblique anterior abdominal muscles

A

iliac crest, inguinal ligament and thoracolumbar fascia

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66
Q

insertion of internal oblique anterior abdominal muscles

A

cartilage of ribs 7-10 and linea alba

67
Q

origin of transversus abdominis anterior abdominal muscles

A

Cartilages of lower ribs; iliac crest and lumbar fascia

68
Q

insertion of transversus abdominis anterior abdominal muscles

A

linea alba, xiphoid and pubis

69
Q

action of rectus abdominis anterior abdominal muscles

A

depresses ribs, flexes vertebral column
- produces 6 pack classic appearance

70
Q

origin of rectus abdominis anterior abdominal muscles

A

superior pubis

71
Q

insertion of rectus abdominis anterior abdominal muscles

A

inferior surfaces of costal cartilages (ribs 5-7) and xiphoid process

72
Q

slide 44 and 45 labelling

A

understand the levels of the abdomen muscles and direction

73
Q

rotator cuff muscles

A

supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
subscapularis
- all combine to strengthen and stabilize the shoulder

74
Q

origin of supraspinatus

A

supraspinous fossa

75
Q

insertion of supraspinatus

A

greater tuberosity

76
Q

origin of infraspinatus

A

infraspinous fossa

77
Q

insertion of infraspinatus

A

greater tuberosity

78
Q

origin of teres minor

A

lateral border of scapula

79
Q

insertion of teres minor

A

greater tuberosity

80
Q

origin of subscapularis

A

subscapular fossa

81
Q

insertion of subscapularis

A

lesser tuberosity

82
Q

slide 49-52

A

rotator cuff

83
Q

what are the forearm flexors?

A
  1. biceps brachii
  2. brachialis
  3. brachioradialis
  4. triceps brachii
84
Q

parts of biceps brachii

A

long head and short head

85
Q

origin of long head of biceps brachii

A

superior part of glenoid

86
Q

insertion of long head of biceps brachii

A

radial tuberosity

87
Q

origin of short head of biceps brachii

A

coracoid process

88
Q

insertion of short head of biceps brachii

A

radial tuberosity

89
Q

slep lesion

A

superior labrum from anterior to posterior
tearing at origin of long head of biceps brachii muscle at the superior portion of the labrum

90
Q

brachialis origin

A

distal anterior surface of humerus

91
Q

brachialis insertion

A

ulnar tuberosity and coronoid process

92
Q

which flexor is the most powerful flexor of the elbow joint

A

brachialis

93
Q

brachioradialis origin

A

lateral, distal humerus

94
Q

brachioradialis insertion

A

superior to radial styloid process

95
Q

diagrams between slide 54-59

A

understand forarm extensors

96
Q

triceps brachii heads

A

long head, lateral head and medial head

97
Q

long head triceps brachii origin

A

infraglenoid tubercle

98
Q

insertion of long head triceps brachii

99
Q

origin of lateral head triceps brachii

A

lateral and posterior part of humerus

100
Q

insertion of lateral head triceps brachii

101
Q

origin of medial head of triceps brachii

A

posterior humerus

102
Q

insertion of medial head triceps brachii

103
Q

where do all the heads of the triceps brachii insert?

104
Q

anterior compartment

A
  • flexes wrist and fingers
  • pronation of forearm and hand
  • ulnar (adduct) and radial (abduct) deviation
105
Q

superficial muscles of the anterior compartment

A
  • all originate from the medial epicondyle of the humerus
  • all insert on the carpals or metacarpals - flexors of the hand and wrist
106
Q

what is golfers elbow?

A

medial epicondylitis caused by overuse of the muscles on the anterior side of the forearm

107
Q

superficial muscles of the posterior compartment

A
  • all originate from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus
  • all insert on the carpals or metacarpals - extensors of the hand and wrist
108
Q

what is tennis elbow?

A

lateral epicondylitis caused by overuse of the muscles on the posterior side of the forearm

109
Q

iliopsoas muscle

A

key muscle in maintaining posture as well as hip flexion

110
Q

what Is the iliopsoas muscle made up by

A

psoas major
iliacus

111
Q

psoas major origin

112
Q

psoas major insertion

A

lesser trochanter

113
Q

iliacus origin

A

sacrum and iliac fossa

114
Q

iliacus insertion

A

lesser trochanter

115
Q

sartorius

A

flexes, abducts and externally rotates hip

116
Q

origin of sartorius

117
Q

insertion of sartorius

A

medial body of tibia

118
Q

who is most prone to torn sartorius muscles or avulsing their ASIS?

A

adolescent sprinters/hurdlers

119
Q

medial thigh muscles

A
  1. adductor magnus
  2. adductor longus
  3. adductor brevis
  4. pectineus
  5. gracilis
120
Q

what do all the medial thigh muscles do

A

adduct the hip

121
Q

where do all the medial thigh muscles except for gracilis originate?

A

pubic bone

122
Q

where do all the medial thigh muscles except for gracilis insert?

A

linea aspera

123
Q

gracilis origin

A

pubic bone

124
Q

gracilis insertion

A

medial, proximal tibia

125
Q

what do the muscles on the posterior part of the hip do?

A

hip extension and abduction
- gluteal group

126
Q

what makes up the gluteal group?

A
  1. gluteus maximus
  2. gluteus medius
  3. gluteus minimus
127
Q

origin of gluteal group?

128
Q

insertion of gluteal group?

A

iliotibial tract (IT band) and greater trochanter

129
Q

vastus mean?

130
Q

what muscles make up the quadriceps femoris?

A
  1. rectus femoris
  2. vastus lateralis
  3. vastus medialis
  4. vastus intermedius
131
Q

where do the muscles of the quadriceps femoris insert?

A

All join together to form the quadriceps tendon, then patellar ligament, then INSERT on tibial tuberosity

132
Q

slide 76

A

myositis ossificans

133
Q

what muscles make up the hamstrings?

A
  1. biceps femoris
  2. semitendinosus
  3. semimembranosus
134
Q

where do the hamstrings cross?

A

cross both the hip and knee joints
- flexion at the knee
- extension at the hip

135
Q

what makes up the biceps femoris?

A

long head and short head

136
Q

biceps femoris long head origin

A

ischial tuberesity

137
Q

biceps femoris long head insertion

A

head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia

138
Q

biceps femoris short head origin?

A

linea aspera

139
Q

biceps femoris short head insertion?

A

head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia

140
Q

semitendinosus origin

A

ischial tuberosity

141
Q

insertion of semitendinosus

A

proximal, medial surface of tibia

142
Q

semimembranosus origin

A

ischial tuberosity

143
Q

semimembranosus insertion

A

medial condyle of tibia

144
Q

where does part of all three of the hamstring muscles originate?

A

ischial tuberosity

145
Q

how do you acquire an image of an avulsed ischial tuberosity?

A

30 RPO if demoing the left
15 cephalad angle

146
Q

anterior compartment of the lower leg movement?

A

dorsiflexion

147
Q

parts of the anterior compartment of lower leg

A
  1. Tibialis Anterior
  2. Extensor Hallucis Longus
  3. Extensor Digitorum Longus
  4. Fibularis (Peroneus) Tertius
148
Q

Tibias anterior movement

A

produces inversion and dorsiflexion of the foot

149
Q

origin of tibialis anterior

A

lateral condyle of tibia and interosseous membrane

150
Q

insertion of tibia’s anterior

A

medial cuneiform nad 1st metatarsal

151
Q

lateral compartment of lower leg movement?

A

responsible for plantar flexion and eversion

152
Q

parts of lateral compartment of lower leg

A

fibular compartment
1. fibulas (peroneus) longus
2. fibulas (peroneus) brevis

153
Q

superficial components of the posterior compartment of lower leg

A
  1. gastrocnemius
  2. soleus
  3. plantaris
154
Q

what do the superficial muscles of the posterior compartment of the lower leg join to become?

A

achilles tendon

155
Q

gastrocnemius origin

A

lateral and medial femoral condyles

156
Q

gastrocnemius insertion

157
Q

soleus origin

A

head of fibula and medial tibia

158
Q

soleus insertion

159
Q

slide 90 fracture name

A

jones fracture
- part of foot could die if not treated

160
Q

slide 91 fracture name

A

pseudo jones fracture
- caused by contracting tendon too hard
- no long term consequences

161
Q

deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the lower leg

A
  1. popliteus (flexes knee only)
  2. tibialis posterior
  3. flexor digitorum longus
  4. flexor hallucis longus
162
Q

what do the deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the lower leg do?

A

plantar flex the foot at the ankle joint

163
Q

what is the fabella?

A

normal calcification of the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (9 decks)

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