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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the digestive system?

A

Gastrointestinal tract
Accessory digestive organs

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2
Q

What is the gastrointestinal tract?

A

continuous tube from mouth to anus

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3
Q

what are the accessory digestive organs?

A

teeth
tongue
salivary glands
liver
gallbladder
pancreas

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4
Q

how does the digestive system contribute to maintaining homeostasis?

A

Digestive system breaks down food into forms that can be used by cells
Absorbs water, minerals and vitamins
Eliminates waste from the body

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5
Q

What are the processes of the digestive system?

A

Ingestion
Secretion
Mixing and propulsion
Digestion
Absorption
Defecation

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6
Q

What is ingestion?

A

Taking foods and liquids into the mouth

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7
Q

Secretion

A

release of water acids, buffers and enzymes (7L/day)

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8
Q

Mixing and propulsion

A

determines the motility of the GI tract
mixing (segmentation) - increase contact of food with digestive chemicals
propulsion (peristalsis) - movement of muscles within the GI tract that facilitates movement of food

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9
Q

When doing xrays of markers through bowels what must you include?

A

time stamp on the image

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10
Q

what feature of the digestive tract ony has peristalsis?

A

the esophagus

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11
Q

What part of the digestive system has the most segmentation?

A

the duodenum (in the small intestine)

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12
Q

digestion

A

catabolic process
Mechanical
- teeth cut and grind food
- mixing and churning food (segmentation)
Chemical
- breaking down large carbohydrate, lipid, protein and nucleic molecules into smaller molecules
- required for these specific molecules to be absorbed
- vitamins, water, ions and cholesterol can be absorbed without chemical digestion

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13
Q

Absorption

A

entrance of digested molecules into the blood and lymph

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14
Q

defecation

A

elimination of wastes, undigested material, bacteria, cells sloughed off from the lining of the GI tract

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15
Q

Layers of the GI tract

A
  1. mucosa
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis
  4. serosa
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16
Q

mucosa

A

epithelium
- direct contact with contents of the GI tract
- every 5-7 days these are sloughed off and replaced
lamina propria
- contain many blood and lymphatic vessels
- MALT (mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue) protects the body against disease
muscularis mucosae
throws the mucosa of the stomach and small intestine into small folds (increases surface area od allows for expansion)

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17
Q

Submucosa

A

blood and lymphatic vessels (different from the kind in the mucosa)
submucosal plexus
- extensive network of neurons

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18
Q

Muscularis

A

Inner layer of smooth muscle orientated in circular fibers
Outer layer of smooth muscle orientated in longitudinal fibers
- involuntary contractions help break down food, mix it and propel it
Skeletal muscle is found in the mouth, pharynx, upper esophagus and external anal sphincter and produces voluntary control for swallowing and defecation
contains myenteric plexus

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19
Q

Serosa

A

Forms the visceral peritoneum
Esophagus lacks this layer

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20
Q

Peritoneum

A

largest serous membrane of the body
parietal peritoneum
visceral peritoneum
peritoneal cavity
retroperitoneal cavity

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21
Q

parietal peritoneum

A

lines the wall of the abdominal cavity

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22
Q

visceral peritoneum

A

lines SOME of the organs and is their serosa layer

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23
Q

peritoneal cavity

A

peritoneal fluid

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24
Q

what is the peritoneum?

A

unlike the pericardium and pleura, the peritoneum contains large folds that wave between the viscera
these folds bind the organs to one another and to the abdominal wall
these folds also contain blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves that supply the organs

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25
Q

what are the peritoneal folds?

A
  1. greater omentum
  2. lesser omentum
  3. falciform ligament
  4. mesentery
  5. mesocolon
26
Q

Greater Omentum

A

Largest
hangs from the greater curvature of the stomach
drops anterior to the small intestine
turns back upward and attaches to the transverse colon (double layered)
May contain a considerable amount of adipose tissue
Contains many lymph nodes that help contain and fight infections

27
Q

Lesser omentum

A

extends between the inferior edge of the liver of the lesser curvature of the stomach
contains the proper hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein and common bile duct (portal triad)
also contains lymph nodes

28
Q

falciform ligament

A

attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm
seperates the right lobe of the liver from the left lobe
Liver is the only digestive organ attached to the anterior abdominal wall
liver and stomach moves with the diaphragm

29
Q

Mesentery

A

Fan-shaped
binds the jejunum and ileum to the posterior abdominal wall

30
Q

mesocolon

A

binds the transverse colon to the posterior abdominal wall

31
Q

mesentery and mesocolon

A

together hold the intestines lossely in place
allows movement from muscular contractions…..mixes and propels contents (motility)

32
Q

peritoneal cavity

A

space between visceral and parietal peritoneum
contains lubricating serous fluid
ascite is an abnormal accumulation of fluid
- caused by cirrhosis of the liver, cancer, heart and kidney failure
- would have to drain it

33
Q

Retroperitoneal structures

A

S - suprarenal (adrenal) gland
A - aorta/IVC
D - Duodenum (2nd and 3rd - descending and horizontal)
P - pancreas (head and body)
U - ureters
C - colon (ascending and descending)
K - kidneys
E - esophagus (once it has passed below diaphragm - inferior portion)
R - rectum

34
Q

oral cavity

A

mouth or oral/buccal cavity
oral vestibule - space between the cheeks, lips, gums and teeth
oral cavity proper - everything inside teeth
fauces - between oral cavity and oropharynx

35
Q

Pharynx

A
  1. nasopharynx
  2. oropharynx
  3. laryngopharynx
36
Q

deglutition (swallowing) phases

A
  1. voluntary phase
  2. pharyngeal phase
  3. esophageal phase
37
Q

Esophagus

A

25 cm long
collapsible tube posterior to trachea
starts at junction with laryngopharynx, passes through esophageal hiatus (opening in diaphragm) at T10 and ends at cardiac antrum (meets the stomach)
2 esophageal sphincters
- upper - C6 (cricoid)
- lower - gastroesophageal junction (T11) - meets the stomach
Cardiac sphincter controls the opening into the stomach
no digestive enxymes

38
Q

stomach

A

position and size varies from person to person, but generally “J” shaped
mostly left of the MSP
moves with respirations

39
Q

Stomach made up of 4 parts

A

Cardia
Fundus
Body
Pyloric part

40
Q

Cardia

A

surrounds the opening of the esophagus

41
Q

Fundus

A

fundus is more posterior than the pyloric part
most superior portion under the diaphragm
help determine how it was imaged

42
Q

pyloric part

A
  1. pyloric antrum
  2. pyloric canal
  3. pylorus
43
Q

Mechanical digestion of the stomach

A

mixes saliva, food and gastric juices to form chyme
Propulsion - peristalsis from the body of the stomach to the pylorus
Retropulsion - food particles are initially too large to fit through pylorus, food forced back to the body of the stomach
Process keeps repeating until particles small enough to pass through
Keeps mixing the food with gastric juices (CHYME)
serves as a resevoir (1-1.5L)

44
Q

Chemical Digestion of the stomach

A

Secretes gastric juice into the stomach and gastrin into the blood

45
Q

what is contained in gastric juice?

A

HCL - kills bacteria and activates pepsinogen (inactive) and pepsin (active)
Pepsin/pepsinogen - begins the digestion of proteins
Intrinsic factor - aids absorption of Vitamin B12
Gastric Lipase - aids in digestion of fats

46
Q

gastrin going into the blood

A

stimulates parietal cells to release HCL
stimulates chief cells to release pepsinogen
contracts lower esophageal sphincter
increases motility of stomach
relaxes pyloric sphincter

47
Q

gastric emptying

A

passage of chyme through the pyloric sphincter
slow process - about 3 mL of chyme at a time

48
Q

In Situ (Stomach)

A

anterior surface
posterolteral surface
posterior

49
Q

anterior surface of in situ (stomach)

A

diaphragm, anterior abdominal wall, left and quadrate lobes of the liver

50
Q

posterolateral surface in situ (stomach)

A

spleen

51
Q

posterior in situ (stomach)

A

left kidney; pancreas

52
Q

surface mucous cells and mucous neck cells

A

secrete mucous
- forms protective barrier that prevents digestion of stomach wall
absorption
- small quantity of water, ions, short-chain fatty acids and some drugs enter the blood stream

53
Q

parietal cells

A

some intrinsic factor
- needed for absorption of vitamin B12 (used in red blood cell formation and erythropoiesis)
secrete hydrochloric acid
- kills microbes in food; denatures proteins; converts pepsinogen into pepsin

54
Q

chief cells

A

secrete pepsinogen
- pepsin (activated form) breaks down proteins into peptides
secrete gastric lipase
- splits triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides

55
Q

G cells

A

secrete gastrin
- stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCL and chief cells to secrete pepsinogen. contracts lower esophageal sphincter, increases motility of stomach, and relaxes pyloric sphincter

56
Q

Muscularis

A

mixing waves (gentle peristaltic movements)
- churns and physically breaks down food and mixes it with gastric juice forming chyme. Forces chyme through pyloric sphincter.

57
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

opens to permit passage of chyme into duodenum
- regulates passage of chyme from stomach to duodenum; prevents backflow of chyme from duodenum to stomach

58
Q

what is the hiatus hernia?

A

when the stomach pushes up though the diaphragm

59
Q

small intestine function

A

chyme entering small intestine contains partially digested carbohydrates, proteins and lipids
to complete this process involves a collective effort of pancreatic juices, bile and intestinal juices

60
Q

structure of small intestine

A

2.5cm in diameter
most digestion and absorption occurs
disigned accordingly
- 3m in living person
- circular folds (10mm tall) - permanent
- villi (0.5 to 1mm)
- microvilli (1micrometer) - so they form a small “brush border”
Duodenum - 0.25m
Jejunum - 1m
Ileum - 2m

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (1 decks)

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