reproductive system Flashcards
1
Q
what type of reproduction will ensure variety
A
sexual reproduction and it can increase survival rate by having a greater range of genetics (haploid)
2
Q
what are the steps to get a fetus
A
sperm + egg that form a zygote then it turns into an embryo then a fetus
3
Q
what do testes do
A
production of sperm and male sex hormones
4
Q
what does the scrotum do
A
it is the sac thats on the very outside testies and they help regulate tempature so sperm can be produced seminefourous tubes (in testes that make sperm)
5
Q
Epididymis function
A
after spem is produced its matured and stored in the epidymis
6
Q
vas deferens
A
tube that conducts sperm toward the urethra
7
Q
Ejaculatory duct function
A
regulates movement of sperm into the urethra that the vas defrens brought towards the urethra
8
Q
urethra function
A
connects to the external anatomy
-also serves as a channel for urine
9
Q
Inguinal Hernia
A
when part of the intestine pushes through a weak spot in the lower belly, causing a bulge in the groin
10
Q
The glands producing seminal fluid are:
A
- Seminal Vesicles
- Prostate gland
- Cowper’s (bulbourethral) gland
11
Q
- Seminal Vesicles function
A
gives sperm energy It produces fructose (a type of sugar) to feed sperm so they have energy to swim.
Helps sperm move in the female body: It releases
12
Q
Prostate Gland function
A
Protects sperm from acidity: It makes an alkaline (basic) fluid to neutralize acids in the vagina, keeping sperm safe.
13
Q
Cowper’s Gland function
A
Protects sperm from urine: It makes a mucus-like fluid that helps clean out the urethra (the tube where urine and
helps sperm move better
14
Q
Spermatogenesis what it is
A
its the process of actually making sperm in tiny tubes in testes the two cell types interstital and setroli help it be produced
15
Q
Spermatogenesis process
A
-mitosis
- then meisois 1
-meiosis 2
-then matures int he epididymis
16
Q
whats the sperm structure acrosome
A
its apart of the head and it helps sperm break into the egg
17
Q
whats sperm structure head function
A
holds the nucleus ( haploid dna) and also holds small amount of cytoplasm and when theres limited energy
18
Q
what does the midpiece hold
A
houses mitocondria which helps sperm move
19
Q
what does the tail in the sperm do
A
it helps propel the sperm foward
20
Q
how does smoking and drugs affect the male reproductive system
A
it lowers spem count and mobility and a higher chance of asthma
21
Q
what is the pathway for sperm
A
senubuferous tubles
epiditumus
vas defrence
ejaculation duct
urethra
penis
22
Q
what does primary sexual characteristics mean
A
it stands for reporductive organs that youre born with
23
Q
whats secondary sexual characteristics
A
physical reproductive organs that are developed when puberty happen
24
Q
what hormone starts spematogenis
A
testosterone
25
what does testosterone do
its linked to sex drive and it hekps develop secondary sex characteristics and can start sperogenisis (releasment of sperm)
26
what does GnRH do and where is it released from
its released for the hypothalmus and stimulates GnRH in pituitary to release LH which promotes production testosterone and FSH which stimulates production of sperm cells
27
Ovary function
secretion of female sex hormones and develop eggs (gametes)
28
fimbria function
it helps sweep eggs into the tube and are at the ovary
29
what does the fallopian tube do (oviduct)
-connects the ovaries to the uterus
-hollow, muscular tubes
-site of fertilization
- where fertilization happens
30
uterus function
hollow and is the site where theres embryo and fetal development abd the inside of it is what shedes
31
Cervix function
muscular band that seperates uterus and vagina
Controls what enters the uterus
Opens during childbirth – It widens (dilates)
Produces mucus – This mucus changes depending on the menstrual cycle. It can help or block sperm
32
Vagina function
-muscular canal leading to outer environment (birth canal)
33
Ectopic Pregnancies
sometimes after an egg is fertilized, instead of being in uterus it gets stuck in the wrong place like in the fallopian tube (the little tunnel that carries eggs to the uterus)
means "out of place" pregnancy
34
vasectomy
removal of the vas deferency where the sperm is carried out from the testies to urethra so when this structure is blocked no sperm can go out
35
hysterectomy
removal all female reproductive organs
36
tubal ligation
in femals where permanently prevent pregnancy. It’s often called "getting your tubes tied"
cuts, ties, or blocks these fallopian tubes
Hormones like estrogen and progesterone still work normally, so the woman’s body feels the same, just without the ability to get pregnant
37
Oogenesis meaning
creation of eggs
38
ovum meaning
ovum is another way of saying egg when it comes to the female reproductive system
39
what two type of cells are made inside ovum
granulosa cells
primary oocyte
40
what do granulosa cells do
produces estrogen response to FSH
Granulosa cells surround the oocyte (egg cell)
enzymes that help break down the follicular wall, allowing the egg to be released into the fallopian tube during ovulation.
41
what does primary oocyte do
primary oocyte is just the early stage of an egg waiting to grow and get ready for possible pregnancy later.
surrounding follicle cells form the corpus luteum
eggs mature and release an ovum (or more) at ovulation each month
42
endometrium function
endometrium is the inner lining of the uterus (the womb)
menstrual cycle, the endometrium thickens
safe space for the fertilized egg to develop.
If the egg isn’t fertilized, the endometrium breaks down and shedding happens, causing menstruation
43
what hormone is secreted response to pregnancy
The glandular lining secretes different hormones including hCG in response to pregnancy.
44
what is the Menstrual Cycle
-shedding of the endometrium aprox 5 days
45
Follicular phase
-endometrium restored
-estrogen secreted by follicles
-days 6-13
-follicles develop in ovary
46
Ovulatory phase
-oocyte (immature egg) bursts from ovary
-day 14
47
Luteal Phase
-formation of corpus luteum
-endometrial thickening
-estrogen and progesterone production (corpus luteum)
-days 15-28
48
FSH where is it produced and whats its function
-produced in Anterior pituitary
-promotes follicular development (development of the egg)
49
LH where is it produced and whats its function
- produced in Anterior pituitary
-promotes ovulation and corpus luteum formation
50
what is the corpus luteums function / how is it made
- corpus luteum helps prepare the uterus for a potential pregnancy and if no pregnacy happens then the corpus luteum goes away
-its made from follicles that hold and protect eggs break releasing egg (ovulation) then the empty follicle is called the corpus luteum
51
Estrogen function
- produced in follicle and in small amounts by the corpus luteum
-increases endometrial thickening
-prepares body for labor
52
Progesterone function
- produced in corpus luteum
-induces changes in menstrual cycle in preparation for fertilization
-inhibits further ovulation and uterine contractions to prevent early labor
53
what is the male hormone process look like to make sperm / testosterone
the hypothalmus will see what hormones need to be secreated then will release GnRH that will stimulate the pituitary to release FSH and LH
- LH will stimulate instersital cells to release testosterone
- FSH will stimulate sertoli cells to make sperm
54
what is the hormone process in females like to release things like estrogen, progesterone, LH, FSH
-the hypothalmus releases GnRH to stimulate the pituitary that realseases FSH and LH
- FSH in the female reprocductive system stimulates follicles to grow and develop so one of them can realsease an egg
once follicle stimulated it realeases estogen to help body prepare for pregnancy (thickens lining)
- LH is used to stimulate the corpus luteum to release progesterone (stops cramping prevents more eggs from being released and helps urerus in fertillizing egg)
and produces little estogen to help body stay ready for pregnancy
55
after ovulation (producing eggs) what does the now empty follicle turn into
it turns into the corpus luteum
56
how does birth control work
you take estrogen and progesterone through pills and this tricks the body into thinking that its already pregnant and prevents ovulation then once on the last couple days of plain sugar pills estogen and progesteron levels go down so bleeding still occurs but these are withdraw bleeds not actual ones from period
57
what is vasectomys way to prevent pregnacy
- vasectomy ) removal vas deference which is the tube that carries sperm towards urethra removed so cant inpregenant
58
what is tubal ligations way to prevent pregnacy
-tubal ligation) where fallopian is cut or blocked so it stops eggs from going to the uterus
59
what is hysterectomy way to prevent pregnacy
hysterectomy) removes all female reproductive systems and perminatly stops all mestration and pregnancy
60
whats the only thing to use to prevent stis
barrier methods
61
what is the best method to prevent pregnancy
barrier methods
62
where are iuds placed and what do they do
they're placed in the cervix and they prevent sperm from getting to egg by creating more mucus from higher levels progestin
63
whats the first stage to forming embryo what happens
the first stage is fertillization that occurs in the fallopian tube where egg and spem join to make zygote
- happens when spem meets secondary oocyte (mature egg when egg finished mitosis then meiosis 1 not yet meiosis 2)
- sperm penitrates egg by acrosome releasing enzymes to break egg coating down
64
whats the 2nd stage to forming embryo and what happens
the zygote that was formed in the first stage starts dividing as it moves through the fallopian tube to uterus
- cleavage is when the number of cells arounf the zygote increase but zygote doesnt get bigger as each new cell is smaller than before
- the cells that are produced are idential and are blank cells without any roles yet
- at this point if the cells seperate then thats when there can be twins or triplets
65
whats the 3rd stage to forming a embryo and what happens
- Blastula
- occurs when the zygote has now reached the urerus around 6 days after fertillization
- the zygote attaches to the lining of the uterus into the endometrium to continue progess of development the outside is filled with cells that will form placenta and inside has fluid and the inner cells of this ball thing is where embryo will be formed
66
what is the 4th and last stage to developing an embryo
- gastrulation
- forms gastrula and has many layer that will develop embryo with cells now that its in the right place
67
what are layers of the gastrula
ectoderm (outer)
mesoderm (middle)
endoderm ( inner)
68
what are stucures that are considered ectoderm
skin, nervous system, eyes, ears, teeth
69
what structures are considered mesoderm
muscles, skeleton, reproductive structures, blood vessles, kidneys, bones
70
what structures are endoderm ( inner most layer)
endocrine system, pancreas, thyroid, lining of digestive and respritory, liver
71
what does the chorion do
secreates hCG and maintains the corpus luteum and hCG is the hormone that dectects precnancy
72
what is the amnion
its the fluid filled sac and is the protective layer around baby and when this structure breaks its considered your water breaking
73
what is the yolk sac
where early red blood cells form and this is where early development happens and provides nutriants to baby till the placenta ca take over
74
what does the placenta do
its the exchange site of waste and nutriants between baby and mother
- also maintians levels of progosterone and estrogen which help maintian a healthy pregnancy
75
umbiblical cords function
it connects the embryo to the placenta to help remove or recieve things
76
what is allantois
involved in forming blood vessels and then later contribute to umbilical vessels
77
whats the function of chorionic villi
- finger like projections and connect the mothers blood suply to the babys blood supply this also helps form the placenta
78
what occurs in fraternal multiples
this occurs when two eggs for example are fertilized by two different sperm cells then babys not idential twins but still born at the same time
79
what occurs in idential multiples
when one egg is fertillized by one sperm but then the egg splits into two embyos in the blastocyts stage leading the two embryos to be the same identially
- share placenta, different amniotic sacs
80
what is the egg NOT attahced to
the fallopian tube to the fimbra have to sweep it in
81
what hormone is released by the blastocyst
human growth hormone
82
whats horome that causes morning sickness and its presence in urine can show pregnant
hCG
83
what does hCG provide the maintance of
corpus luteum
- is responsible for producing progosterone and if no fertillization / no hCG then the corpus luteum breaks down so when hCG present it doesnt shed the endometrium (no period) so embryo can grow
84
what prodices estrogen and progestrone during the first trimester
the corpus luteum maintined by hCG
85
what controls estrogen and progestrone production in the 2nd trimemester
placenta takes over
86
what controls estrogen and progestrone production in the 3rd trimemester
the placenta continues to control it and now progestrerone keepts uterus relaxed still and estrogen levels rise to prep uterus and cervix for labor
87
right before labor what hormone drops
progesterone slightly drops to allow contactions and why you feel cramps during labor
88
what does relaxin do
helps the cervix losen and preps body to deliever
89
when does 1st trimester happen
start "flow phase"
- 1-13 weeks
90
when does 2nd trimester start
14-26 weeks
91
when does 3rd trimester start
27-40 weeks
92
what occurs in the 1st trimester
the formation of gastrulation occurs
the zygote turns into an embryo
- the cns develops on babe, heart, vascular system, arms legs syes ears, external genetalia but cant see bc to small
- ectrodetm things form
93
what happens in the 2nd trimester
when the babys grow bone and can suck swallow and learn how to breath and practice / play in amniotic fluid
- can see gender usally check to see if heart has all chambers and kideys and digestive tract
- mesoderm things develop
94
what happens in the 3rd trimester
theres rapid growth and increase in mass and further organ development and this is when final touches made to all organs
can hear fully and see fully now then parturiton (birth) occurs
95
what is a Teratogen
Any medication chemical disease or environmental thing that can interfere with the normal development of a fetus or embryo
96
when does a miscarrige occur
- loss of a pregnancy before 20 weeks
97
when does a stillborn occur
loss of a pregnancy after 20 weeks
98
whats the affect alcohol has on pregnancy
alcohol is easily diffusable son it can accumilate in the amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus and then this can cause still birth or miscarage
99
whats the affects of cigarettes
nicotine reduces oxygen avalible in the fetus and this will affect the size and development of the baby
100
whats ht eaffect of cocaine while pregnant
increases heart rate of mom/baby and lower blood supply and the baby can be born addicted anf then needs to have small dosages of it so doesnt die from withdraws
101
what does thalidomide do
its a blockage in blood flow and can prevent arms and legs from developing and is an external medication that was perscribed to help with pain
102
what can radiation cause
radiation when used too early it can structurally change the DNA inside the fetus and increase likelyhood for cancer
103
what is rubella or measles and how are they prevented
they're prevented by MMR vaccines and rubella disease while pregnancy can cause birth defects and
104
how is listeriosis (listeria infection) caused
its caused by food being undercooked / developed
105
how do herpes develop and how are they a danger to the baby
danger to baby during birth from exposure and then baby can be infected
106
what does partirition stand for
giving birth
107
what horomone signals uternie contractions
oxytocin which allows for intense contractions to happen
108
what breaks thats when our water breaks
amninotic sac
109
what does relaxin do and what produces it
produced by placenta relaxes ligaments within pelvis
110
Prostaglandins function
help with labor periods, pain and helps uterus contract during labor and sofen the cervix fro childbrith
111
what occurs in the first stage of labor
Contractions - dilation of cervix, oxytocin is secreted in increasing amounts to start labour (positive feedback loop)
The amniotic sac may break at this time (water breaking)
112
whats the second stage of labor
Parturition - Starts with the cervix being fully dilated and ends with baby’s birth
Contractions continue until baby is delivered then stiched up to stop bleeding
113
whats an episiotmony
its when a surgical cut is made to help during childbirth so it can prevent extreme tearing
114
what is the 3rd stage to labor
Delivery of placenta and the body has continus contractions till the placenta is delivered because body no longer needs it if still in body then can cause hemmorage
115
what is the 4th stage to labor
Control of bleeding uterine muscles tighten (contract) to close off blood where the placenta was attached
116
Lactation process
-during pregnancy estrogen and progesterone prepare breasts for milk production
-breast must be stimulated by sucking action to cause pituitary to release oxytocin
117
what is chlamydia
-bacterial infection so can be treated by antibiotics
- pain/swelling in one or both gonads
- Burning during urination.
118
what is gonorrhea
- bacterial infection
-burning during urination, testicular/pelvic pain, bleeding between periods
-can be treated with antiobotics
119
whats HPV
one or eruption of genital warts
may pass on the infection to the fetus
Treatment: just treat the symptoms
120
what is syphilis
bacterial so can be treated with antibiotoics
four stages (Primary, Secondary, Latent, and Tertiary)
serious complications if untreated, including damage to the heart, brain, and nerves
