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neurvous system part 2 ) senses Flashcards

1
Q

where do the sensory neurons send info to

A

sensory neurons supply CNS with information about our external and internal environment

(travels via electrical impulses)

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2
Q

what is a stimulis a form of

A

its a form of energy

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3
Q

what do sensory receptors convert

A

they convert energy

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4
Q

what do chemoreceptors do

A

the respond to chemicals both internal and external to maintain homeostasis

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5
Q

what are some examples of chemoreceptors

A

taste, smell

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6
Q

what do thermoreceptors do

A

they control and detect change in tempature

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7
Q

what do proprioception receptors do

A

they detect where we are in space and is why we dont need to look down when we tie our shoes

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8
Q

what are sensory receptors also refered to as

A

highly modified detrites of sensory neuron

  • those are often combined with sensory organs to amplify stimulus energyand makes sure activation reaches the threshold
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9
Q

what receptors are within the skin

A

pain, pressure and tempature receptors

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10
Q

where to sensations occur (ex we feel pain or touch etx)

A

sensations do not happen in the receptor but is sent to the brain like if our receptor detects something not all the time our brain will pick it up so we wont feel it

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11
Q

what is sensory adaptation

A

its when if a stimulis is constantly going off then the receptors get used to the stimulis then dont really respond

ex wearing ponytail tight at first you realise how it may slightly hurt then after a while you dont relise it because the body will only detect whats essential for survial

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12
Q

what chemical explains if something is salty or savoury

A

salty= na+
savoury = glutananic acid

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13
Q

what conditions do the chemicals have to be in to take in taste vs smell

A

taste - dissolves chemicals
smell- airborn chemicals

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14
Q

what does the scleara do

A
  • its the outrermost layer and it is protective w white fibrous
  • it gets o2 from gasses dissolved in tears and nutriants from behind cornea in aqueous humor
  • helps maintian eyeshape
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15
Q

what does the cornea do

A

-it bends light and acts as a clear window so the light can then be transfered to the pupil

-belongs to sclera layer (outermost layer)

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16
Q

what is the choroid layer and what does it contain

A

-middle layer) and contains the iris, lens, cilary muscles and vitreous humour

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17
Q

does the sclera have blood vessels

A
  • has no blood vessels even though its the outtermost layer its the conjunctiva that holds the blood vessels
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18
Q

what does the iris do

A

-in middle layer (choroid)

-it is a muscles that acts to control the pupils size

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19
Q

what do cliliary muscles do

A

they’re attached to ligaments that alter the shape of the lens

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20
Q

what does the vitreous humor do

A

its a jelly like fluid and its what helps keep the shape fully of the eyeball and it also doesnt allow light to hit the retina

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21
Q

what is the retina layer

A

-its the innermost layer and this inner layer has 3 layers

-1) pigmented epithelium
-2) light- sensitive cells
-3) bipolar cells
-4) optic nerve cells

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22
Q

what does the pigmented epithelium do

A

it prevents light that entered the eye from scattering

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23
Q

what does the light sensitive cells do

A
  • it holds rods and cones
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24
Q

what do cones /rods do

A

cones=they help us see color act in high intensity light

rods= help us to see in low light and black and white and shapes and movment (act in low intensity light)

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25
what do the fovea centralis stand for and what do they do
that structure is just the center of the retina and it isthe most light sensitive and has the highest consentration of cones, and rods are around this structure
26
what does the lens do
the lens helps us zoom in and out on things like how when we look at somehting close everything around is blured
27
when the lens get thicker what does that do
it helps the eye see closer up
28
when the lens get thinner what does that do
it helps the eye see farther away
29
what is the accommodation reflex
1) the pupil constrics 2) the eye convergance 3) lens accomidation so the lens is thicker and can see up closer like if something were to hit you in the eye
30
how do we focus light whats the steps
-1) Light enters the eye through the cornea. -2) The cornea bends/refracts the light to help focus it. -3)The lens fine-tunes the focus by changing shape: far objects: The lens gets thinner. for near objects: The lens gets thicker. -4) This process is called accommodation, and it helps us see things clearly. As we age, the lens becomes less flexible, making it harder to focus on close objects.
31
in what order to the visual receptors (rods and cones) move message
they both act as sensory receptors - excited receptors to bipolar cells to optic nerve to cns (occtial lobe)
32
what vitamin helps improve our sight and why
vitamin a because it activates rhodopsin which helps us see
33
what is the center on the retina called
fovea centralis
34
what area has the the most amount of cones
fovea centralis
35
where are the most rods located
surround the fovea centralis
36
what is the fovea centralis
-where most cons are located and its the point where the retina meets optic nerve
37
what are possitive afterimages
You still see the same image after looking at something bright, even with your eyes closed.
38
whats negative afterimage
You see the opposite colors of what you were looking at because your eyes got tired
39
whats glaucoma
-it happens from build up fluid in the aqueous humor and can cause loss of sight
40
what is cataracts
its when the lens becomes opaque and cloudy and so no light or little light can pass through preventing vision so tou have to replace lens
41
whats an astigmatism
when you have a odd shape cornea / lens by growing at a different rate can be corrected with glasses
42
whats nearsightedness also reffered to as
myopia
43
what is nearsightedness
when the eye is is to long so you can see close up and not far
44
what kind of lens is needed for nearsightedness
concave lens
45
what is farsightedness also reffered to as
hyeropia
46
what is farsightedness
its when you can see far and not close up (near) and eyeball to short
47
what kind of lens does farsightedness need
convex
48
what is PKR
its corrrective eye surgury to help w near and far sightedness by changing cornea shape
49
whats corneral ring implants
it changes the shaoe of the cornea by placing a ring by the aqueous humor
50
what is partial function
its used for when you can see but not very well so things like glasses and contacts are used
51
what is sensorineural issues
its when you cannot see at all which requires eye transplant
52
what are all the structures in the outer ear
- pinna - auditory canal
53
what does the pinna do
it directs the sound from out to inner and it collects sound
54
what doe the auditory canal do
it carreis sound after its collected from pinna to the ear drum and produses wax
55
what are the structures in the middle ear
trympanic memrane ossicles oval window concentrates eustachain tube
56
what does the trypanic membrane do
it is the ear drum and recieves sound vibrations
57
what do the ossicles do
includes 3 tiny bones - malleus - incus - stapes that pass and recieve sound vibrations in that order from the eardrum to malleus then incus then stapes
58
what is the oval window
its an ocal shaped hole thats covered by a thin layer of tissue after the ossicles bump eachother they push out this window thats the oval window and then it pushes fluid to cochea
59
what is the eustachain tube
its a air filled tibe thst equalizes pressure between external and middle of the ear it also extends from the middle of the ear to mouth and nasal cavities
60
what are the structures in the inner ear
-vestibule - semicircular canals - cohclea
61
what does the vestibule do
-it helps with balance -its connected to the middle ear and to the oval window - it holds two sacs and estabilishes head postition
62
what do the semicircular canals do
- help with balance - arranged at different angles - movment of fluid in canals help identify body movment
63
what does the cochlea do
-it helps with having specialized hair like cells that respond to sound and converts them to nerve impulses - has the spitaling snail shell shape - hearing
64
what do long hairs/ short hairs in the cochlea pick up
- the long and flexable ones farther from oveal window pick up low pitched sound (requires more energy to move) - the short and the stiff ones close to oval window pick up higher pitched sound (requiers less energy to move)
65
where is hearing interpreted
in the cochlea
66
what does the basilar membrane do
Moves up and down when sound waves enter the ear. This movement helps detect different sound frequencies (high or low sounds)
67
what are the steps of hearing
1- sound waves enter the ear 2-tympanic membrane vibrates (ear drum) 3- ossicles move and amplify /reduce vibrations from tympanic then move sound to oval window 4) transmission enters oval window to inner ear fluid 5) vibrations travel through fluid (perlilymph) 6) hairs vibrate in cochlea against tectorial membrane that generates nerve impulse 7) impulse goes to cochlear nerve out round window then to temporal lobe
68
whats static equilibrium
it means in movement along horizontal or vertical and relates to our head position
69
what do vestibules hold and how do they interpret head position
- The vestibule is part of the inner ear and helps with balance. - contains two fluid-filled sacs: the utricle and saccule. - Inside these sacs, tiny hair cells are embedded in a gel-like substance that also contains otoliths (calcium crystals). - When your head moves or tilts, gravity pulls on the otoliths, making the gel shift. movement bends the hair cells, which send signals to the brain mainly the cerebellum
70
whats dynamic equalibrium
- it provides information about movement -it has 3 fluid filled semicircluar canals -each canal has a pocket which holds a cupula (has cillia hairs) - movmet causes fluid to shift and bending the cillia from the hair cells which activates nerve impulses to cerebellum and rapid continuous movment cause motion sickness
71
whats conductive hearing loss
sound waves have trouble entering the inner ear and is caused by build up ear wax so need to drain the ear - partial hearing can be fixed
72
whats sensorineural hearing loss
auditory nerve is damaded or hair cells are damaged or dead by aging or lound noise
73
how do hearing aids work
they amplify sounf and transmit it to eardrum directly
74
whar are cochlear implants
they're sugically implanted into the skull restore hearing by bypassing the damaged pats and convert sounf to electrical impulses and sends to auditory nerve
75
bipolar cells function
Bipolar cells in the eye help pass visual information from the rods and cones
76
pigmented epithlium purpose
Absorbs extra light so it doesn’t bounce around and blur your vision. Feeds and protects the rods and cones (light-sensing cells). Removes waste to keep your eye healthy.

bio 30 (5 decks)

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