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nervous system part 3) endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

what is homeostasis

A

state of balance and internal environment is maintained despite changes in the environment

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2
Q

what do endocrine glands secreate

A

hormones directly into the blood to be transported around the body.

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3
Q

Negative Feedback Loop steps

A
  1. Receptor (find issue)
  2. Coordinating Center (fix issue)
  3. Effector (stop)
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4
Q

what is negative feed back

A

control system designed to prevent chemical imbalances in the body and to regulate hormone production

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5
Q

whats Positive Feedback

A
  • process by which a small effect is amplified and hormones keep realeasing till action like labour is done

-Once as the event is accomplished, the feedback system stops

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6
Q

Nervous system description does it allow fast adjustmet or slow

A

allows for quick adjustment to changes in the environment

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7
Q

Endocrine system description

A

maintains control over longer duration

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8
Q

what divides the endocrine and nervous system

A

Division between the two systems is the hypothalamus and it regulates the pituitary gland through nerve stimulation

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9
Q

what do body cells need to opperate

A

-no body cell operates in isolation, the integration of body functions depends on chemical controls (hormones)

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10
Q

what are chemical regulators released by

A

released by cells that affect other parts of the body

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11
Q

how are Endocrine Hormones released

A

are chemicals produced by the endocrine glands and secreted directly into the blood (carried by the circulatory system)

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12
Q

what do Non target hormones
target

A

affect many cells throughout body
E.g. Human growth hormone (hGH)

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13
Q

what do Target Hormones target

A

afect specific cells in the body
E.g. Parathyroid hormone (calcium levels)

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14
Q

what are the two different types of hormones

A
  • fat soluble (steroid)
  • water soluble (protein)
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15
Q

what are some examples of fat soluble hormones

A
  • sex hormones
  • cortisol
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16
Q

what are some examples of water soluble hormones

A
  • insulin
  • growth hormones
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17
Q

whats the receptor placements for fat soluble

A

binds with receptor inside of the cell

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18
Q

what’s the receptor placement for water soluble cells

A

binds with receptors on the surface of the cells

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19
Q

what does the pituitary gland do

A

-controls may other glands
- is a sacs like structure
- connected to hypothalmus
- consists of antior and posterior

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20
Q

what happens in posterior lobe in ptiuitary gland

A
  • stores and releases hormones which have been produced by the hypothalamus
  • hormones travel from hypothalamus to pituitary by way of specialized nerve cells
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21
Q

hormones in posterior lobe

A

Oxytocin- (stimulates muscle contraction) Uterine contractions (menstrual cycle or labour)

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

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22
Q

what does ADH do

A

Main function is to conserve body water by reducing urine output and it helps kidney absorbe water through nephron

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23
Q

what diabetes insipitus

A
  • when theres hyposecreation adh (not enough adh)
  • increased or excessive thrist
  • urine up to 16L a day

-failure of posterior pituitary to release sufficient ADH or failure of kidney response

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24
Q

what does the anterior pitutiary do

A

Produces its own hormones

  • Hormones released from the nerve endings of the cells of the hypothalamus and travel in the blood to cause release of pituitary hormones (or inhibit the release of some)
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25
what is the human growth hormone do
-Enhances growth and development of tissues and organs - most pronounced effect on cartilage and bone cells
26
what is gigantism
when hyper hgH and it happens where keep growing before finished growth hormone
27
whats dwarfism
hyposecretion (low) amount of hgH duriong childhood
28
whats Acromegaly
its when hypersecretion hgH but it happens after growth done growing
29
how can supplimarty hormones be made synthetically
through genecitally altering bacteria
30
what does the pancreas do
production of two hormones in the alpha cells (glucagon) and beta cells (insulin)
31
Adrenal glands job
adrelinin which increases blood sugar levels from enpinephrine converts glucose to gycogen
32
what do beta cells (inslin) do
produced by beta cells when blood sugar levels are high -Increases glucose use by making cells permeable to glucose -In liver glucose is converted to glycogen
33
what do alpha cells do ( glucagon)
- produced by alpha cells when blood sugar levels are low -promotes conversion of glycogen to glucose
34
Diabetes Mellitus
Disorder associated with inadequate production of insulin so there’s high glucose and and it can be tested in urine
35
what causes diabetes mellitus
- genetic or environmental due to the Beta cells of islets breaking down - results in hyperglycemia high blood glucose level
36
what are signs and symptoms of diabeties mallitus
- glucose present in urine (sweet urine) - high quantity of urine - thirst: glucose not reabsorbed by active transport, water doesn’t follow by osmosis -low energy levels: cells do not absorb glucose -loss of weight: diabetic ketoacidosis (breakdown fats as energy source) - may produce distinctive odour on breath (acetone) due to the breakdown of fats for energy
37
what are the 3 types of diabetes melitius
- juvenile -adult - gestiational
38
what’s the juvenile level of diabetes mellitus
it’s the earliest stage and can be from early break down of beta cells requires insulin injections
39
what’s the adult stage of diabetes mellitus
it’s the second stage and includes decrease insulin production can be treated by environmental factors like better diet and exercise
40
what is the gestational stage of diabetes mellitus
it happens only within pregnancies where if the mom had the diabetes mellitus before it can reoccur when her body needs to take can of herself and the child
41
where is the adrenal gland located above
the kidneys
42
what is the inner gland on the adrenal gland called
the adrenal medulla
43
what is the the function of the inner gland on adrenal gland
the medulla is regulated by the nervous system and it very quickly reacts to sudden stress (in times of stress it sympathetic nerves stimulate brain to release epinephrine and norepinephrine)
44
whats the effects that come from the adrenal medulla during times of stress
- blood sugar level rises (glycogen converted to glucose) - Heart rate increased - Breathing rate increased - Cell metabolism increased - Blood vessels dilate - Iris of eye dilates
45
wgat does the adrenal cortex do
it produces 3 types of hormones thst help w managing stress, controlling electrolyte balance, and regulating metabolism. glucocorticoids mineralocorticoids sex hormones
46
what does glucocotricoids do
Glucocorticoids like cortisol raise blood sugar levels increase amino acids in the blood to help the body handle long-term stress amino acids are turned into glucose for energy / protein production
47
how is cortisol (glucocorticoids) triggered
cortisol is triggered by a hormone called ACTH from the pituitary gland.
48
what is addison's disease
its when hyposecretion so theres a lack of glucortiroids / mineralocorticoids (hormones) - results in weightloss low blood sugar, nausea and vommiting
49
what are mineralocoritcoids
an example of this is aldosterone increases sodium retention which causes water rehapsorption by kindeys helps maintain body fluid levels and raise blood pressure and occurs when theres low blood pressure to rise it
50
what is an example of a sex hormone
small quantities of testosterone
51
where is the thyroid located
2 lobed glands located at the base of the neck and it produces 3 hormones
52
what is ACTH
hormone released by antior pituitary gland it plays a crucial role in body’s stress and helps stimulate adrenal glands to release cortisol (which increases level of amino acids in blood to recover from long term stress)
53
what 3 hormones does the thyroid gland produce
T4, T3, calcitonin
54
what do T3 and T4 do
they're metabolic hormones that increase metabolism
55
what are T3 and T4 triggird / stimulated
stimulated by TRH (thytotropin realsing hormone) realesed by hypothalmus to tell pituitary gland to to release TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) which send signals to thyroid gland to produce T4 and T3
56
what does calcitonin do
reacts to high calcium levels and acts to lower it it reacts from high ca levels then the thyroid secreates it and builds bones, absorbes less, and gets rid of it at the kidneys
57
where is TRH realeased at
realeased by the hypothalmus
58
where is TSH realesed from
antior pituitary gland
59
what is needed for t3 and t4 to work
iodine
60
what is goriters
it occurs when there's little iodine in someones diet the thyroid is still activated by TSH realeasd by the antior pitupitary saying theres not enough of the homone and try's to alert thyroid but its unable to make T3 or T4 because can't wo idodine and gets irritated
61
what is cretinism
its when the thyroid gland didnt produce enough T3 or T4 in its early years due to lack iodine and can lead to adnormal mental or physical development
62
whats myxedema
low levels T3 or T4 as an adult can lead to hickening of skin, puffy, slow mental and physical responses (breathing and heart rate), brittle hair
63
whats hyperthyroidism
body is producing excessive amounts of the thyroid hormones T3 and T4 can be caused by appetite change, difficulty sleeping, heart palpitations, increased sweating, irritability
64
whars graves' disease
immune system attacks the thyroid, making it overactive and produce more hormone than body needs can lead to Bulging eyes Sweating & feeling too hot Shaky hands (tremor) & nervousness Muscle weakness Fast or irregular heartbeat Weight loss, even when eating normally
65
what and where is the parathyroid gland
the parathyroid gland is 4 pea sized glands that are embedded in the thyroid and it responds directly to a chemical change
66
what does the parathyroid hormone PTH do
released by the parathyroid glands and controls calcium levels in the blood (is realesed to bloodstream) Increases blood calcium Breaks down bone to release calcium Helps absorb calcium from food Tells the kidneys to keep calcium
67
what two endocrine hormones regulate water balance
ADH- increases water by reabsorption of water at the kidney (secreted by posterior pituitary) Aldosterone: increases salt retention by reabsorption of salt at the kidney secreted from the adrenal gland (cortex)
68
how and what adjustments does Epinephrine make to stress
Increases fight or flight -mobilizes carbs fat energy stores -increases blood glucose, fatty acids -increase heart rate
69
how and what adjustments does Cortisol make to stress
Increase fight or flight -mobilizes energy (proteins converted to glucose) - increases blood A.A., glucose and fatty acids
70
how and what adjustments does Glucagon make to stress
increase fight or flight -convert glycogen to glucose
71
how and what adjustments does Insulin make to stress
decrease fight or flight -not storing glucose, want to use it
72
long term stress effects
High Blood Sugar -alters osmotic balance increasing blood pressure and water loss Increased Blood Pressure -blood vessel rupturing, increased blood clotting, kidney damage Increased Heart Rate -high blood pressure, deterioration of heart muscle

bio 30 (5 decks)

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