REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Question 1

reproductive growth based on mitotic cell division; constant and stable combination of genes

Answer 1

asexual reproduction

Question 2

types of asexual reproduction

Answer 2

fission, budding, fragmentation, parthenogenesis

Question 3

fusion of two haploid cells from separate organisms; allows genetic diversity

Answer 3

sexual reproduction

Question 4

release of gametes in the external environment for fertilization

Answer 4

external fertilization

Question 5

fertilization that involves the transfer of sperm from male to female

Answer 5

internal fertilization

Question 6

attribute of an organism to acquire both male and female reproductive characteristics

Answer 6

hermaphroditism

Question 7

sub-class of hermaphroditism, where an organism starts as one gender then proceeds to change towards the opposite sex (change in sex during life span)

Answer 7

sequential hermaphroditism

Question 8

two classes of hermaphroditism

Answer 8

protogynous and protandrous

Question 9

the pattern of ovarian activity where hormones facilitates the animal’s period of reproductive receptivity to non-receptivity; production of offspring when it is environmentally favorable

Answer 9

estrous cycle

Question 10

type of animals where sexual reproduction first evolved

Answer 10

aquatic animals

Question 11

animals where their embryos develop in a fluid-filled cavity, surrounded by membranes and a shell

Answer 11

nonavian reptiles and birds

Question 12

fertilization that occurs in the presence of a fluid that serves as a cushion for the developing embryo; presence of amnion, present in birds, reptiles, and some mammals

Answer 12

amniotic

Question 13

reproduction where the offspring develops inside the mother’s body and are born alive; more complex form of embryo development, majority present in mammals

Answer 13

viviparous

Question 14

monthly changes in primates to prepare for the possibility of pregnancy; natural process regulated by hormones

Answer 14

menstrual cycle

Question 15

fluid that is responsible for delivering the sperm into the females vagina during sexual intercourse

Answer 15

semen

Question 16

hormone that aids in sperm maturation; testosterone production; released in the pituitary gland

Answer 16

follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH)

Question 17

controls the pituitary secretion; hypothalamus

Answer 17

gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH)

Question 18

inhibits the secretion of FSH; sustentacular cells in the testes

Answer 18

inhibin

Question 19

stimulates the secretion of testosterone; pituitary gland

Answer 19

luteinizing hormone(LH) or interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH)

Question 20

increases sperm production; development of the male primary and secondary characteristics. interstitial cells in the testes

Answer 20

testosterone

Question 21

OVERVIEW: HORMONAL CONTROL IN MALES

Answer 21

1. the release of gonadotrophin-releasing hormones stimulates the production of hormones: luteinizing hormones and follicle-releasing hormones
2. luteinizing hormone activates the interstitial cells in the testes, which results in the stimulation of testosterone secretion
   [testosterone is important for the expression of male physical and sexual characteristics]
3. the release of testosterone, combined with follicle-releasing hormone activates the spermatogenetic cells in the testes which stimulates the production of sperms or spermatogenesis
4. the secretion of testosterone and activation of spermatogenetic cells inhibits the release of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone in the pituitary gland

Question 22

parts of the human female reproductive system

Answer 22

two ovaries, two uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, external genitalia

Question 23

hormone that stimulates the thickening of the uterine wall, maturation of oocyte, female characteristics; inhibits FSH secretion; increase LH secretion; ovarian follicle, corpus luteum

Answer 23

estrogen

Question 24

causes immature oocyte and follicle to develop; increase in estrogen secretion; gamete formation and development of uterine wall; pituitary gland

Answer 24

follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH)

Question 25

controls the secretion of pituitary hormones; hypothalamus

Answer 25

gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Question 26

prevents the corpus luteum from disintegrating; stimulates the corpus luteum to secrete estrogen and progesterone; embryonic membranes and placenta

Answer 26

human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)

Question 27

inhibits the secretion of FSH in the anterior pituitary gland; ovaries

Answer 27

inhibin

Question 28

stimulates the further development of oocyte and follicle; stimulates ovulation; progesterone secretion; helps in the development of corpus luteum; pituitary gland

Answer 28

luteinizing hormone(LH)

Question 29

stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and release of milk during nursing; pituitary gland

Answer 29

oxytocin

Question 30

promotes the secretion of milk by the mammary glands after childbirth; pituitary gland

Answer 30

prolactin

Question 31

stimulates the thickening of the uterine wall; corpus luteum

Answer 31

progesterone

Question 32

increases the flexibility of pubic symphysis during pregnancy and helps dilate the uterine cervix during labor and delivery; placenta and ovaries

Answer 32

relaxin

Question 33

hormone that develops oocytes to develop on each menstrual cycle

Answer 33

FSH (follicle-secreting hormone)

Question 34

the release of the follicles secondary oocyte triggered by the luteinizing hormone

Answer 34

ovulation

Question 35

OVERVIEW: FEMALE HORMONAL CONTROL

Answer 35

1. release of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone stimulates the production of FSH and LH 2. FSH with the aid of LH, aids in the development of the oocyte and the maturing follicle, and causes the secretion of estrogen in preparation for possible pregnancy 3. LH stimulates the corpus luteum in secreting progesterone and estrogen 4. the increase in level of estrogen from the maturation of follicles negatively inhibits the production of FSH, but helps in the sudden surge of LH production. the sudden surge of LH triggers ovulation 5. as the estrogen level increases, progesterone and estrogen levels in the corpus luteum also increases due to the surge of LH. this reaches a threshold where the estrogen and progesterone levels inhibit the secretion of FSH and LH altogether

Question 36

four phases of estrus cycle

Answer 36

proestrus, estrus, metestrus, diestrus

Question 37

sustains the nutrients and removes waster from the embryo in the whole duration of the pregnancy; hormone producer

Answer 37

placenta

Question 38

birth process

Answer 38

parturition

Question 39

milk secretion by the mammary glands and milk release from the breasts

Answer 39

lactation