IMMUNE SYSTEM Flashcards
1
Q
congregates in cortex when fighting off a pathogen
A
lymphocytes
2
Q
concentrated in a medulla-cleanse lymph
A
macrophages
3
Q
capsules that surround two regions: cortex and medulla
A
lymph nodes
4
Q
first to encounter pathogens that enters through the mouth or nose
A
tonsils
5
Q
cleanses the blood; located just beneath the diaphragm. found in all vertebrates
A
spleen
6
Q
produces thymic hormones
A
thymus gland
7
Q
origin of RBC; area of maturation of WBC
A
red bone marrow
8
Q
vestigial(remnant) organ in humans; part of the caecum. houses mutualistic bacteria
A
appendix
9
Q
defense mechanisms of the body
A
nonspecific, specific
10
Q
innate immunity; composes the first and second line of defense
A
nonspecific defense mechanism
11
Q
adaptive immunity; third line of defense
A
specific defense mechanism
12
Q
recognition of traits shared by pathogens; rapid response. trait present even before exposure to pathogens
A
innate immunity
13
Q
recognition of traits that are specific to particular pathogens; slower rate of response, vertebrates only
A
adaptive immunity
14
Q
agent that cause disease, infects a wide range of animals, including humans
A
pathogens
15
Q
recognizes foreign bodies and responds with the production of immune cells and proteins
A
immune system
16
Q
innate defense is composed of:
A
first and second line of defense
17
Q
first line of defense
A
barrier defenses, phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptide
18
Q
second line of defense
A
killer cells, interferons, and inflammatory response
19
Q
prevent infection; skin and mucous membranes of the respiratory, urinary tracts. mucus traps and body fluids
A
natural barriers
20
Q
digests cell walls of bacteria and destroys many microbes at eye and upper respiratory tract
A
lysozyme
21
Q
traps particles; swallow or expel(spitting, sneezing, etc.)
A
mucus
22
Q
sweeps the microbes trapped in the mucus
A
cilia
23
Q
kills many microbes before reaching the intestines
A
stomach acid
24
Q
three mechanisms of the second line of defense
A
phagocytic and natural killer cells, localized inflammatory responses, antimicrobial peptides and proteins
25
infiltrates damaged tissues, attracted to damaged cells. engulfs and destroys pathogens
neutrophils
26
movement/migration of cells towards a chemoattractant
chemotaxis
27
cells that transform into macrophages when they enter the affected tissue
monocytes
28
engulfs the microbes in a vacuole. fuses with lysosome to kill the microbe
macrophages
29
what is the mechanism of macrophages to kill pathogens
generates toxic forms of O2, digestion of microbial components (lysosomal enzymes)
30
protects the digestive system against harmful pathogens and monitor the commensal bacterial population. plays an important role in mucosal immunity
peyer's patches
31
kills parasitic invaders such as: blood fluke, by discharging destructive enzymes that targets the parasites external walls
eosinophils
32
releases chemicals that leads to cell death; does not attack microbes but destroy virus-infected or abnormal cells. does not phagocyte by attacks via lysis(cell rupture)
natural killer cells
33
occurs when the tissue is damaged due to physical injuries or caused by microbial infections
inflammatory response
34
connective tissue that releases histamine = triggers the blood to dilate and become more permeable
mast cells
35
fluid rich in WBC, dead pathogens, and cell debris from tissue damage
pus
36
released by WBC which sets the body's temperature up at a higher temp. speed up phagocytosis and tissue repairs
pyrogens
37
life threatening condition due to inflammatory response
septic shock
38
secreted by the virus infected cells and binds to the receptor of other cells to induce them on producing more substances
interferon
39
proteins that carry out cascade of steps which causes lysis of invading cells and trigger inflammation
complement system
40
TRIVIA - PROCESS: INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
1. The tissue and mast cells release histamine to dilate the blood vessels, increasing blood flow in the region
2. Macrophages + dendritic cells phagocytize the pathogens and release cytokines that stimulates the inflammation/inflammatory response
3. Neutrophils and monocytes(macrophages) join through the capillary walls and also phagocytize the pathogens
4. Blood clotting occurs to prevent more blood loss
41
pathogen that has adapted to lysosome destruction when engulfed; still capable of replicating inside a macrophage
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB)
42
cell that adapts to provide immunity; key cells of the immune system
lymphocytes
43
characteristics of immune response
1. immune response - response mounted by lymphocytes against pathogen or antigens
2. antigen specific - response are directed to a particular antigens or foreign substance
3. systemic - immunity is not only applied to the initial infection cite
4. memory - recognizes and carries out more enhanced attack on previously encountered antigens
44
foreign molecules that elicits a specific response by the lymphocytes
antigen
45
antigens reacts towards specific _________ that are mounted to lymphocytes or are secreted
antibodies
46
small, accessible region in the antigen where the antibody interacts with
epitope (antigenic determinant)
47
TRIVIA: b-cell antigen receptors
- each of the b-cell receptors is a y shaped molecule, with two identical HEAVY CHAINS as the base and two branching identical LIGHT CHAINS
- each end of the light chain is an antigen binding site
- there are two regions within the receptor: variable region and constant region. constant region vary little amongst b-cells whereas variable region differs greatly
48
region of the b-cell receptor that is responsible for its antigen specificity
variable region
49
TRIVIA: activation of the b-cell
- b-cell receptors binds to the antigens in the pathogen's surface (epitope)
- the binding of the receptors activates the secretion of soluble proteins inside the b-cells called ANTIBODIES or IMMUNOGLOBULINS
- antibodies or immunoglobins also have the same Y configuration as the b-cell receptors, but they are secreted instead of membrane bound
50
released when the receptors of b-cell interacts with the epitope of the antigens present in the surface of pathogens
antibodies or immunoglobulins
51
present at the end of the light chains on b-cell receptors; binds to the epitope of the antigens
antigen binding sites
52
t-cell receptors are composed of two polypeptide chains called:
α and β
53
the variable region of t-cell receptors are located at the:
tip of the polypeptide chain
54
creates the variation between t-cells and b-cells and their response towards potential pathogens
specificity
55
TRIVIA: Proliferation of t-cells and b-cells
- the antigens is exposed to a steady stream of lymphocytes (t-cells and b-cells) until a SPECIFIC LYMPHOCYTES matches that and and initiates the production of antibodies/immunoglobulins
- the antibody molecule produces by the lymphocytes undergoes clonal selection CLONAL SELECTION, to produce cloned cells
- the cloned lymphocytes transform to either: EFFECTOR CELLS which act immediately against the antigen, or MEMORY CELLS which function is to release the same effector cells if the body encounters the same antigen again
56
the process where activated lymphocytes(either b-cells or t-cells) undergoes multiple cell divisions to produce cloned versions of the lymphocyte
clonal selection
57
short-lived lymphocytes that immediately act against the pathogen
effector cell
58
set of cells that are responsible for producing effectors cells in the event that the same antigen is encountered again
memory cell
59
responsible for the long term protection towards diseases; contains two phases
immunological memory
60
first exposure to specific antigens; not so great response
primary immune response
61
lymphocytes facilitate a much effective, efficient, and faster response; high antibody concentration phase
secondary immune response
62
where b-cells mature
bone marrow
63
where t-cells mature
thymus
64
the capacity of a lymphocyte to distinguish an antigen from itself; stage of maturation before migrating into the lymphatic organs
potential self-reactivity
65
consequences of self-reacting lymphocytes; attacks other lymphocytes due to failure on antigen recognition
auto-immune diseases
66
two types of response provided by the b and t lymphocytes
humoral and cell-mediated immune response
67
immune response where antibodies help to neutralize or eliminate toxins and pathogens present in the blood and lymph
humoral immune response
68
response where t-cells destroy affected host cells
cell-mediated immune response
69
TRIVIA: Humoral immune response procedure
the presence of an antigen stimulates a response from a b-cell to undergo clonal selection, creating either: memory cells for future immune response, or effector cells to fight of the antigen immediately
70
TRIVIA: Cell-mediated immune response procedure during 1st exposure
FIRST EXPOSURE
- the antigen is phagocytized by an antigen-presenting cell which stimulates the production of helper t-cells and cytotoxic t-cells.
- helper t-cells are type of cells that serves as an "activator" to other immune cells, incites them to carry out an immune response (eg. stimulates b-cells to produce plasma and memory b-cells)
- one example is the activation of cytotoxic t-cells, which are cells that carry out immune response on its active form, by destroying host cells affected by diseases and preventing them from spreading further.
- helper t-cells also stimulate the production of memory helper t-cells for future exposure to the same pathogen. the memory helper t-cells aids with the clonal selection of memory b-cells and memory cytotoxic t-cells.
71
TRIVIA: Cell-mediated immune response procedure during 2nd exposure
SECOND EXPOSURE
- the antigen stimulates the already present memory helper t-cells, memory b-cells, and memory cytotoxic t-cells (activation of cells vary on the specific antigen).
- this leads to the production of plasma cells or active cytotoxic cells that fight of the antigen, but with a much stronger, more efficient, and effective response.
- plasma cells produced by the b-cells focuses on fighting off extracellular pathogens
- cytotoxic t-cells on the other hand, defend against intracellular pathogens and cancer cells
72
the collection of cell surface glycoproteins encoded by a family of genes called:
major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
73
type of immune cells that is responsible for destroying affected cells; intracellular response
cytotoxic t-cells
74
stimulates the production of both memory b-cells and memory cytotoxic t-cells; stimulated during a second antigen exposure
memory helper t-cells
75
serves as an "activator" of other immune cells to incite an immune response towards specific types of pathogens
helper t-cell
76
composes of class I and II MHC molecules in their surfaces
antigen-presenting cells
77
MHC molecules found in almost of all nucleated cells
class I MHC molecules
78
MHC molecules restricted only to immune cells
class II MHC molecules
79
TRIVIA: T-cells relation to MHC molecules
- CYTOTOXIC T-CELLS(killer t-cells) have antigen receptors that bind to PROTEIN FRAGMENTS present in the CLASS 1 MHC MOLECULES
- HELPER T-CELLS have receptors that bind to the PEPTIDES displayed by the CLASS 2 MHC MOLECULES
80
TRIVIA: T-cell signal pathway to immune response
1. an antigen-presenting cell(macrophage) engulfs a pathogen
2. a fragment of the pathogen's antigen is processed and presented by the class II MHC molecule of the APC and binds to the receptor of a helper t-cell
[interleukin-1stimulates the expression of MHC molecules, efficiently presenting antigens to t-cells. CD4 protein present on a helper t-cell acts as a co-receptor and binds to the class II MHC molecule; serves as a recognition protein.]
3. the reception of the processed antigen from the APC stimulates the helper t-cells, activating cytotoxic t-cells and plasma b-cells
[interleukin-2 stimulates the growth and division of t-cells, specifically CD4 helper t-cells and CD8 cytotoxic t-cells]
4. the cytotoxic t-cells and plasm b-cells carry out the function of immune response
p.s. interleukin is a type of cytokine
81
protein that enhances the interaction between a cytotoxic t-cell and an infected cell or abnormal cell; present only in cytotoxic t-cells that keeps the binding complex during activation
CD8 protein
82
inactivation of viruses by blocking their binding sites; coats bacteria
neutralization
83
response of antibodies to bacterial infection
agglutination
84
soluble agents vs antibodies; binding of antibodies to soluble antigens
precipitation
85
neutralization, agglutination, and precipitation enhances the chance of APC for:
phagocytosis
86
binding of proteins to antibodies bound on specific antigens; cell destruction by opening pores for water and ions to enter the cell (lysis)
complement fixation
87
classes of immunoglobulins
IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, IgE
