CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Question 1

shuttles material among all the exchange surfaces within the organism

Answer 1

Circulatory System

Question 2

transports materials to/from capillaries for exchange with tissue fluid

Answer 2

circulatory system

Question 3

functions of circulatory system

Answer 3

transport, defense, regulation

Question 4

basic parts of the circulatory system

Answer 4

propulsive organs, arterial system, capillaries, venous system

Question 5

parts of the vertebrate circulatory system

Answer 5

central circulation, peripheral circulation

Question 6

components of central circulation

Answer 6

hearts, blood vessels entering the heart

Question 7

composes the capillaries, arterial, and venous systems

Answer 7

peripheral circulation

Question 8

mechanisms that affect blood flow/blood movement

Answer 8

rhythmic heart contraction, elastic recoil by arteries, squeezing of blood vessels, peristaltic contractions of smooth muscles

Question 9

blood pumped by the heart through an artery into fluid-filled spaces(mostly vertebrates)

Answer 9

hemocoel

Question 10

fluid that circulates in the body not through vessels, but directly into the tissues

Answer 10

hemolymph

Question 11

what are the pressure inside a hemolymph system?

Answer 11

4.5 - 9.7 mm Hg

Question 12

percentage of blood volume that allows high pressure for ultrafiltration of the blood

Answer 12

5% - 10%

Question 13

maintains a high blood pressure; the main propulsive organ of the circulatory system

Answer 13

heart

Question 14

allows for rapid delivery of oxygen into the tissues; thin vessel walls

Answer 14

microcirculation

Question 15

distinct from other intercellular fluids due to its confinement inside vessels

Answer 15

blood

Question 16

SYSTEM components of the circulatory system

Answer 16

blood vascular, lymphatic system

Question 17

system components that composes the heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, and blood

Answer 17

blood vascular system

Question 18

lymphatic channels, lymph, recovers by taking fluid from the blood

Answer 18

lymphatic system

Question 19

circulatory system is also known as:

Answer 19

cardiovascular system

Question 20

blood vessel that connects the artery and the capillaries

Answer 20

arteriole

Question 21

takes the deoxygenated blood from the capillaries, and transfers is into the veins

Answer 21

venule

Question 22

innermost layer of blood vessel

Answer 22

endothelium

Question 23

extracellular membrane that covers the blood vessels

Answer 23

basal lamina

Question 24

circuits of the cardiovascular system

Answer 24

systemic circuit, respiratory circuit

Question 25

circuit that is responsible for gas exchange between blood vessels and the tissues[organs, etc.]

Answer 25

respiratory circuit

Question 26

cardiovascular circuit that functions to circulate the blood allover the body

Answer 26

systemic circuit

Question 27

characteristic of the heart where it does not require nerve impulses to make it function

Answer 27

myogenic

Question 28

main type of muscle that comprises the heart

Answer 28

cardiomyocytes

Question 29

small tube or sac that pumps fluid containing water and nutrients[invertebrates]

Answer 29

dorsal tube

Question 30

circulation; one atrium, one ventricle

Answer 30

single circulation

Question 31

3 chambered heart; circulation with two atria, one ventricle or two atria, two ventricles; four chambered heart. circulation

Answer 31

double circulation

Question 32

two types of cardiomyocytes[heart/cardiac muscle]

Answer 32

contractile, conducting

Question 33

striated muscle with many myofibrils made up of sarcomeres; sarcoplasmic reticulum

Answer 33

contractile cardiac muscles

Question 34

cardiac muscle with no contractile proteins (e.g. pacemaker cells)

Answer 34

conducting cardiac muscles

Question 35

formation of cardiac muscles which allows them to function as a unit, caused by cells connecting together

Answer 35

syncytium

Question 36

permits the passage of ions between cells, allows for electrochemical and metabolic coupling, allows electric current to pass rapidly

Answer 36

gap junctions

Question 37

sequence of events that occurs when the heart beats

Answer 37

cardiac cycle

Question 38

phases of a cardiac cycle

Answer 38

systole and diastole phase

Question 39

specialize myocardial tissue that sends electric signals to the atrial tissue and atrioventricular node for heart contraction. replaced by pacemaker when damaged

Answer 39

sinoatrial node

Question 40

rhythmic contraction/relaxation of the heart that allows blood to enter/exit

Answer 40

heart beat/s

Question 41

movement of blood into the heart/filling of the heart

Answer 41

diastole

Question 42

movement of the blood outwards the heart/release of blood

Answer 42

systole

Question 43

a large blood vessel that carries the blood from the lower parts of the body

Answer 43

inferior vena cava/e

Question 44

blood vessel that allows the blood from the head, neck, arms and chests to move towards the heart

Answer 44

superior vena cava/e

Question 45

a short, sudden plateau before a rising action in the EKG means:

Answer 45

atrial contraction

Question 46

rising action on the EKG means:

Answer 46

ventricular systole

Question 47

the peak of a wavelength in the EKG means:

Answer 47

ventricular contraction

Question 48

falling action of the wavelength in the EKG means:

Answer 48

ventricular diastole

Question 49

accounts for the ejection of blood from the heart chambers and causing it to fill again

Answer 49

heart contraction

Question 50

atrial contraction and relaxation, followed by ventricular contraction and relaxation

Answer 50

heart cycle

Question 51

composed of ventricular systole(filling), and diastole(release)

Answer 51

ventricular contraction

Question 52

cardiac muscles are self excitable, meaning they don't require nerve impulses to function. what is responsible for sending electric signals(action potential) towards the cardiac muscles causing heart contractions?

Answer 52

SA node and AV node

Question 53

responsible for sending electric signals towards the upper chambers(atria) of the heart for muscle contractions

Answer 53

SA node

Question 54

receives signal from the SA node, depolarizing the atria, emptying the contents into the ventricles

Answer 54

AV node

Question 55

this is where the signals from the AV node travel to; responsible for making the ventricles contract

Answer 55

Purkinje fibers

Question 56

the movement of impulse from the SA node -> AV node-> Purkinje fibers

Answer 56

contractile fiber excitation

Question 57

occurs when the mass of ventricles are greater that the atrial mass; ventricular depolarization

Answer 57

higher amplitude contraction

Question 58

how long does each stages of cardiac cycle occur?

Answer 58

1st stage: 0.4 sec 2nd stage: 0.1sec 3rd stage: 0.3 sec

Question 59

calculates the cardiac cycle; blood pumped out by the ventricle

Answer 59

volume of blood per minute

Question 60

blood volume ejected from a ventricle per heart beat

Answer 60

stroke volume

Question 61

ECG or EKG

Answer 61

electrocardiogram

Question 62

innate ability of the heart to develop force at a given muscle length

Answer 62

inotropism

Question 63

factors that affect/induce changes in the heart rate

Answer 63

chronotropic effects

Question 64

factors that induce changes in the conduction velocity

Answer 64

dromotropic effects

Question 65

a period when the Na+ channels are dormant, causing the SA node to be inactive

Answer 65

refractory period

Question 66

extrasystole; heart "skips" a beat

Answer 66

premature contraction

Question 67

necessary period needed in order to gain momentum to fill the chambers of heart and push out the blood

Answer 67

compensatory stage

Question 68

"as the heart fills with blood, the contraction(for release) is stronger. due to prolonged AP(action potentials) no multiple stimulation occurs even if there is multiple connections"

Answer 68

Starling's Law of the Heart

Question 69

induces maximum response by making all the muscle fibers to contract in a wave-like fashion upon application of stimulus strength

Answer 69

All-or-non Law

Question 70

occurs when the signals that stimulate the heart are partially or totally blocked between heart chambers

Answer 70

heart blocks

Question 71

three types of heart blocks

Answer 71

1st degree 2nd degree 3rd degree

Question 72

slow electrical signal rarely causes any symptoms and usually do not require treatment

Answer 72

1st-degree heart block

Question 73

electrical signals between atria and ventricles are largely prolonged where some signals fail to reach the ventricle

Answer 73

2nd-degree heart block

Question 74

complete heart block; no signals reach the ventricles

Answer 74

3rd-degree heart block

Question 75

blood is responsible for around _____% of the total body mass

Answer 75

8.3

Question 76

average liters of blood in an adult man

Answer 76

5-6 liters

Question 77

types of circulatory systems

Answer 77

open, closed

Question 78

three main functions of the blood

Answer 78

transportation, regulation, protection

Question 79

prevents infections

Answer 79

leukocytes

Question 80

composes 55% of the total blood composition

Answer 80

plasma

Question 81

45% of the blood composition

Answer 81

cellular/formed elements

Question 82

components of the plasma

Answer 82

91.5% water 7% proteins 1.5% others

Question 83

another name for white blood cells

Answer 83

leukocytes

Question 84

red blood cells are also known as

Answer 84

erythrocytes

Question 85

the reason why blood is able to carry oxygen + color red

Answer 85

hemoglobin

Question 86

organelles absent on RBC

Answer 86

mitochondria, ribosomes

Question 87

process of producing RBC

Answer 87

erythropoiesis

Question 88

increase of circulating RBC

Answer 88

polycythemia

Question 89

increase of RBC due to loss in plasma volume

Answer 89

relative polycythemia

Question 90

increase of RBC count due to increase in production

Answer 90

absolute polycythemia

Question 91

scavenger leukocytes

Answer 91

granulocytes

Question 92

source of antibodies, abundant in the lymphatic tissues

Answer 92

lymphocytes

Question 93

agranular leukocytes that is also a scavenger of broken down tissues

Answer 93

monocytes

Question 94

smaller leukocytes with less granules in their cytoplasm

Answer 94

agranular leukocytes

Question 95

responsible for blood clotting and wound repair

Answer 95

platelets

Question 96

clumping of RBC caused by agglutinins(antibodies, antigens, etc.)

Answer 96

agglutination

Question 97

gene responsible for the expression ABO blood classification located in:

Answer 97

chromosome 9

Question 98

where anti-blood group antibodies are generated from

Answer 98

primary response(IgM)

Question 99

phenotype that indicates blood positivity or negativity

Answer 99

Rh blood group system

Question 100

complication in the baby with different blood type from the mother, characterized by jaundice, fever, enlarged liver and spleen

Answer 100

erythroblastosis fetalis

Question 101

increases the capability of the blood to carry oxygen

Answer 101

blood pigment

Question 102

protein group responsible for oxygen-binding capability

Answer 102

heme group