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unit 3 anatomy masterdeck > reproductive system > Flashcards

reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the perineum?

A

the diamond-shaped space between the thighs, divided into two triangles:
- urogenital triangle from the public symphysis to the ischial tuberosities. contains the urethral and vaginal orifices
- anal triangle is bound by the ischial tuberosities and coccyx. contains the anus
two triangles are divides by imaginary lines between the ischial tuberosities

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2
Q

what are the sex organs? (male and female)

A
  • general: genitalia
  • primary sex organs: gonads–>produce gametes (eggs and sperm)
  • primary male sex organs: testes (produce sperm)
  • primary female sex organs: ovaries (produce eggs)
  • overall function of the reproductive system: produce offspring
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3
Q

what are the external genetalia (male and female)

A
  • male: penis and scrotum
  • female: vulva (mons pubis, labia, clitoris, structures associated with vestibule)
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4
Q

what are the gonads and the hormones they release?

A

gonads function as endocrine glands (produce hormones) that develop and maintain sex organs and influence sexual function
- ovaries: estrogen and progesterone
- testes: testosterone

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5
Q

how do sex organs develop (in utero)?

A
  • male and female homologues are structures that developed from same embryological structures
  • sex differentiation begins in utero around week 7. fully differentiated by week 20
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6
Q

what are homologues in sex organs?

A
  • labia majora = scrotum
  • labia minora = scrotal midline
  • glans clitoris = glans penis
  • bulb of vestibule = corpus spongiosum
  • corpora cavernosa = corpora cavernosa
  • ovaries = testes
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7
Q

what are the muscles of the pelvic floor?

A
  • bulbospongiosus muscle covers corpus spongiosum (male) and bulb of vestibule (female). bulb of vestibule = corpus spongiosum
  • ischiocavernosus muscle covers corpora cavernosa (male and female)
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8
Q

what is the function of the female reproductive system?

A
  • produce gametes
  • support developing embryo and fetus
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9
Q

what are the ovaries?

A
  • the ovaries are lateral to the uterus
  • held in place by mesentaries and ligaments, including suspensory ligament and ovarian ligament
  • all of these structures are within the broad ligament (peritoneum that hangs over uterus)
  • suspensory ligament attaches ovary to pelvic wall; ovarian ligament attaches ovary to uterus
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10
Q

what are the ovaries? x2

A
  • most external layer of the ovary is the tunia albuginea
  • ovary subdivides into cortex and medulla
  • cortex hold gametes (oocytes)
  • each oocyte is held within an ovarian follicle
  • medulla is loose connective tissue filled with blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels
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11
Q

what are the uterine tubes?

A
  • also called fallopian tubes or oviducts. the uterine tubes begin at the infundibulum (receives the egg) and ends at the uterus
  • ciliated fimbriae surround infundibulum and help egg to pass into uterine tube/oviduct
  • just medial infundibulum is expansions called the ampulla
  • medial portion of uterine tube/oviducts (next to uterus) is the isthmus
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12
Q

how does ovulation work with the uterine tubes?

A
  • ovulated egg is released into peritoneal cavity, close to but NOT directly into the infundibulum
  • infundibulum bends over ovary and fimbriae sweep ovarian surface. this produces currents in peritoneal fluid that help bring egg into uterine tube
  • cilia and smooth muscle assist movement towards uterus
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13
Q

what is the uterus?

A
  • located in pelvic cavity, anterior to rectum. held in place by broad ligament and round ligament. hollow, thick-walled, pear-shaped
  • main portion is body. rounded top is fundus
  • narrow region of inferior to body is isthmus
  • neck of uterus is cervis- crevix holds uterus closed during pregnacy. inferior opening of cervix is external os. inferior to cervix is vagina
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14
Q

what are the walls of the uterus called (superficial to deep)

A
  • perimetrium
  • myometrium
  • endometrium
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15
Q

what is the perimetrium?

A

outer serous membrane, continuous with broad ligament

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16
Q

what is the myometrium?

A

smooth muscle layer, pushes fetus out during childbirth

17
Q

what is the endometrium?

A

lining of the uterus. composed of simple columnar tissue. nourishes fetus during development during development or is shed during menstruation

18
Q

what is the vagina?

A

thin-walled tube, inferior to uterus, anterior to rectum, posterior to urethra and bladder. made up of stratified sqamous epithelium, has an acidic environment. receives penis/semen during intercourse, aka the birth canal as it is very distensible, allowing baby to be pushed out and allows the penis

19
Q

what are the external gentalia of the vagina?

A
  • clitoris: analogous to the penis in males, contains erectile tissue including corpus cavernosa
  • labia majora: homologous to scrotum
  • labia minora encloses vestibule that houses the vaginal and urethral openings
  • vestibular glands: secrete mucus when sexually aroused
20
Q

what are mammary glands?

A
  • pigmented skin around the nipple is called the areola
  • technically the only part of the integument: modified sweat glands
  • present in males and females, functional only in females
  • divided into lobes and smaller lobules
  • lobules: contain alveoli that produce milk
  • lobules and alveoli do not develop until pregancy
21
Q

what is the pathway that breastmilk follos through the mammary glands?

A
  • milk is secreted into larger and larger ducts
  • reach the lactiferous ducts at the nipple
  • enlarged region where milk accumulated during nursing is the lactiferous sinus
22
Q

when do mammary ducts and breast enlargement develop?

A

during puberty

23
Q

what are the parts of the male pelvis?

A
  • testes
  • epididymus
  • ductus deferenes
  • ejaculatory duct
  • urethra
  • seminal vesicle
  • prostate gland
  • bulbourethral glands
24
Q

what is the scrotum?

A
  • houses the testes
  • divided into two parts by a septum
  • maintains temperature of testes to allow sperm development
  • two structures in the spermatic cord also allow for temperature regulation
25
Q

what is the cremaster muscle?

A

muscle that elevates or lowers the penis

26
Q

which structure cools blood before it enters the testes?

A

pampiniform plexus (vein plexus)

27
Q

what is the spermatic cord?

A
  • made up of the ductus deferenes, cremaster muscle, fascia, testicular vessels, and nerves
  • extends from the scrotum to inguinal canal
  • medial opening = superficial inguinal ring
  • deep inguinal ring: where ductus deferens and testicular vessels enter abdomen (area is susceptible to hernias)
28
Q

how do the testes descend?

A
  • gubernaculum extends from caudal end of developing testes through body wall and into skin of the future scrotum
  • testes follow this path
  • spermatic cord follows the testes
29
Q

what are testes?

A
  • inside the scrotum, surrounded by a tunical vaginalis
  • deep to tunica vaginalis is the fibrous tunica albuginea
  • testes are divided into 250-300 lobules containing seminiforous tubules
  • seminiforous tubules converge and sperm travels to rete testes
  • rete testes leads to epididymis
30
Q

what are seminiforous tubules?

A

located within the testes. contain support cells (sertoli cells) and dividing germ cells (future sperm)

31
Q

what is the epididymis?

A
  • site of sperm maturation and storage: protein secretions nourish sperm and help maturation.
  • ejaculation: smooth muscle in wall of the epididymis contract, expel sperm into ductus deferens
32
Q

what is the ductus deferens?

A
  • transports sperm during ejaculation
  • extends from epididymis into pelvic cavity
  • travels through spermatic cord, superior, and then posterior to bladder
  • joins ducts of seminal gland to produce an ejaculatory duct, then passes into the prostate and into urethra
33
Q

what is a vastectomy?

A
  • male form of birth control
  • ductus deferences is cut and tied off
34
Q

what is a tubal ligation?

A
  • female form of permanent birth control
  • fallopian tubes are cut and tied off
35
Q

what is the male urethra?

A
  • in males, urethra carries both urine and sperm. there are three parts:
    + prostatic urethra, surrounded by prostate
    + membranous urethra, surrounded by urogenital diaphragm
    + spongy urethra; located within the penis
36
Q

what are the accessory glands?

A
  • seminal vesicles (posterior to bladder) produce portion of seminal fluid. join with ductus deferens to form ejaculatory duct
  • prostate (inferior to bladder) also produces some of seminal fluid. holds prostatic urethra
  • secretions from seminal, prostate, and bulbourethral glands + sperm cells = semen
37
Q

what is the penis?

A
  • delivers sperm into the femal reproductive tract
  • the root of the penis is the base= where it attaches to the pelvis. the body is the free portion
  • the glans penis is the enlarged end
  • skin covering the penis is loose. where it extends around the glans is prepuce (foreskin)
38
Q

what is erectile tissue?

A
  • penis is composed of erectile tissues. erectile tissue is spongy connective tissue with vascular spaces
  • corpora canvernosa makes crura found in root, also found in body
  • corpus spongiosum is found in bulb within root of penis, body of penis, and the glans
39
Q

what is an erection?

A
  • filling of the erectile bodies with blood (parasympathetic control)
  • during sexual stimulation, arteries dilate and blood and blood flow increases
  • expand and compress veins that normally drain them, this maintains erection
  • ejaculation under sympathetic control: smooth muscle contraction squeezes semen to urethra

unit 3 anatomy masterdeck (9 decks)

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