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HUBS192 > reproductive system > Flashcards

reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

false/greater pelvis

A

this one has some parts of the GI Tract, and it is found above the pelvic inlet

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2
Q

pelvic inlet and outlet

A

inlet is always open, and outlet is always closed
the inlet is larger than the outlet

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3
Q

true/lesser pelvis

A

has some internal reproductive organs and is found between the inlet and the outlet.

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4
Q

levator ani and coccygeus muscle

A

these are muscles that support the pelvic organs.

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5
Q

openings in the pelvic floor

A

urethra, vagina and anal canal opening

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6
Q

male perineum

A

has 2 triangles, urogenital triangle and the anal triangle

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7
Q

spermatozoa

A

the male gamete, like sperm but spermatozoa is the full name

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8
Q

pathway of the spermatozoa

A

starts in the testes where they are created, then moves through the epididymis where they are supported with lubricant for them to travel down to the ductus deferens, and then goes to the ampulla, and then to the ejaculatory duct and then lastly to the urethra where it will then travel outside.

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9
Q

seminiferous tubules cells

A

nurse cells, interstitial cells

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10
Q

nurse cells

A

for the production of inhibin

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11
Q

interstitial cells

A

for the production of testosterone

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12
Q

spermatogenic cells

A

spermatogonia and spermatozoa.

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13
Q

epididymis

A

site for the maturation of the spermatozoa. it has a head, body and tail

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14
Q

urethra function (male)

A

for urination and ejaculation
it is divided into 3 regions

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15
Q

3 regions of the urethra

A

prostatic, membranous and spongy urethra.

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16
Q

retrograde ejaculation

A

when the spermatozoa end up in the bladder instead because the sphincter is not closed.

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17
Q

epididymis

A

has the head, body and tail and this is where the spermatozoa mature.

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18
Q

ductus deferens

A

produces lubricant that helps with the transportation of the spermatozoa, and it opens up to the prostatic urethra.

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19
Q

scrotum

A

the house of the testes and keeps them at a temperature of 34 degrees and it has the dartos and the cremaster muscle.

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20
Q

dartos muscle

A

it is for relaxation when it is warm and contraction when it is too cold, to retain the heat for the support of the spermatozoa.

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21
Q

cremaster muscle

A

pulling the testes up and down to bring them to the heat or draw them away from the heat.

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22
Q

accessory glands for the male reproductive tract

A

prostatic glands, bulbourethral glands and the seminal vesicles. they are all for the secretion of the semen, that will provide with lubricant for the movement of spermatozoa.

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23
Q

prostatic gland

A

produces 30% of the semen

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24
Q

seminal vesicles

A

produces like 60% of the semen fluid

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25
Q

bulbourethral glands and the spermatozoa

A

the gland will produce 5% and the spermatozoa will also produce the last 5% of semen fluid.

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26
Q

spermatic cord

A

had the venous plexus. nerves, arteries/veins and the lymphatics and the ductus deferens.

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27
Q

functions of the penis

A

for urination and copulation and it has 3 erectile tissues that surrounds it.

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28
Q

erectile tissues

A

2 corpora carvernosa and 1 corpus spongiosum

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29
Q

semen components

A

60% seminal vesicle, 30% prostatic glands, 5% bulbourethral gland and 5% spermatozoa.

30
Q

vasectomy

A

the cutting the ductus deferens on both sides, so that spermatozoa do not travel through down to the urethra for it to be expelled. the spermatozoa will not mix with the semen fluid, so there will be no lubrication, and it will not travel anywhere.

31
Q

intromission

A

introduction of the erected penis to the vagina

32
Q

insemination

A

release of the semen into the upper part of the vagina, so that the sperm can travel down into the ampulla (the fertilization site)

32
Q

stages of the erection of the male tract

A

erection, secretion of the mucus into the urethra, ejaculation (emission, expulsion) and the resolution stage.

32
Q

erection

A

parasympathetic nervous system is stimulated, and the arteries dilate and will then fill up the erectile tissue with blood.

33
Q

emission

A

the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated and will cause the smooth muscle to contract allowing the prostatic gland, seminal vesicle and the bulbourethral gland to release the semen fluid into the urethra.

34
Q

expulsion

A

this has the somatic motor and the sympathetic response, and the urethral muscles will be contracted, and the semen fluid will be ejected out.

35
Q

resolution

A

this is the reduction of the blood flow into the penis, and the penis will become flaccid

36
Q

stages of female sexual response

A

autonomic stimulation of the vagina, clitoris and the labia, secretion of the mucus into the vestibule and the uterus will elevates upwards, increasing the vagina length and width

37
Q

tubal ligation

A

the removal or cutting of the uterine tube in the female reproductive system

38
Q

urinary system organs

A

2 kidneys, 2 ureters, urinary bladder and the urethra

39
Q

kidney location

A

found on the T12 and L3 vertebrae. and on the 11th and 12th ribs.
the adipose fat, ribs and the fibrous capsule provides the kidney with protection.

40
Q

blood in the cortex

A

starts from the afferent arterioles, glomerulus capillaries, efferent arterioles, peritubular capillaries

41
Q

glomerulus

A

bunch of capillaries that makes up the glomerulus, and this is the site for the filtration of blood.

42
Q

peritubular capillaries

A

this is for bulk reabsorption and has the vasa recta that is found in the juxtamedullary nephron only, because it extends into the medullary.

43
Q

the two types of nephrons

A

cortical and juxtamedullary, and they are just named after their positions, the cortical is mostly in the cortex and the juxtamedullary extends deep into the medullary.

44
Q

renal corpuscle

A

this is the site for the filtration barrier, and this is where the capillaries and nephron meet.

45
Q

parts of the nephron

A

renal corpuscle, proximal tubules, distal tubules, collecting duct and the nephron loop

46
Q

glomerular capsule

A

has 2 layers (parietal with simple squamous epithelium) and (visceral layer with podocytes)

47
Q

podocytes

A

they wrap around the glomerular capillaries and forms some foot processes called pedicels.

48
Q

filtration-barrier

A

has 3 layers, the fenestrated endothelium, fused basement membrane and the filtration slits between the pedicels of the podocytes.
it allows smooth passage of water and small molecules.

49
Q

kidney functions

A

metabolism function (gluconeogenesis)
endocrine functions
water homeostasis
salt/ion homeostasis
excretion of medications/drugs or toxins
pH regulation

50
Q

two ways of excretions

A

after the metabolism due to the fat-soluble nature (lipophilic)
directly through the kidney because of the water-soluble nature (hydrophilic)

51
Q

osmolarity

A

the total number of solutes in a solution

52
Q

isosmotic, hypoosmotic and hyperosmotic

A

same water and solute concentration in the solution
high water and less solute concentration
less water and high solute concentration

53
Q

functions of the nephron

A

secretion, reabsorption and filtration

54
Q

filtration

A

the movement of plasma from glomerular capillaries into the glomerular capsule, in the renal corpuscle

55
Q

secretion

A

movement of the solutes from the peritubular capillaries into the tubular fluid, in the proximal convoluted tubule.

56
Q

reabsorption

A

movement of solutes from the tubular fluid back into the peritubular capillaries, like returning substances that are needed back in the blood so that they will not be excreted together with urine.

57
Q

determinants of the glomerular filtration

A

filtration barrier - the smaller particles will have the right of way while the larger ones will not have
renal blood flow - like 20% of cardiac output per minute.
driving forces -hydrostatic pressures and the colloid osmotic pressure

58
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

this is due to the volume of the fluid, it will push the fluid away
the pressure are glomerular hydrostatic pressure (+50mm Hg) and the capsular hydrostatic pressure (0mm Hg)

59
Q

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

A

how much plasma is filtered per minute
it can be calculated by renal plasma flow * filtration fraction
GFR = RPF * FF

60
Q

renal filtered load

A

how much of the substance is filtered in the plasma per minute
it is calculated by GFR * solute plasma concentration

61
Q

water reabsorption

A

proximal convoluted tubule - 67%
collecting duct - 2-8%
descending limb of the nephron loop - 25%

62
Q

water reabsorption

A

bulk reabsorption - this is not regulated, and it is automatic. like 92% of the filtered load, has a leaky epithelium and undergoes both trans and paracellular pathways
regulated absorption - this is regulated by the ADH (anti-diuretic hormone), has a tight epithelium, has like 2-8% of the filtered load and it undergoes the transcellular pathway only

63
Q

sodium reabsorption

A

proximal convoluted tubule - 67%
ascending limb of the nephron loop - 25%
collecting duct -2-3%
distal convoluted tubule - 5%

64
Q

myenteric plexus

A

changes motility in the GIT smooth muscles

65
Q

submucosal plexus

A

changes the secretion/absorption in the GIT epithelium and glands.

66
Q

tonic contractions

A

these last longer for like minutes and hours, and this includes sohincters

67
Q

phasic contractions

A

these last seconds, and this includes peristalsis and segmentation

68
Q

motility patterns in the fed stage

A

chewing - mechanical digestion of the food
peristalsis - movement of food along the GIT tract
relaxation - storage of the food in the stomach by expanding it but not increasing the pressure of it.
segmentation - the mixture of the chyme and the secretions (digestive enzymes and some acids)
contraction and relaxation of the sphincters - prevents backward movement of the chyme, and controls the forward movement of it

69
Q
A

HUBS192 (4 decks)

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