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Animal Biology > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What structures make up the male reproductive system?

A

penis
prepuce
urethra
bulbus glandus
epididymis
vas deferens
testes
prostate gland

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2
Q

What is the penis?

A

a sex organ that males use to inseminate females

consists of the urethra and erectile tissue that fills with blood during copulation

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3
Q

What is the prepuce?

A

a sheath that covers the penis

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4
Q

What is the urethra?

A

a tube encased in the penis which connects to the bladder

allows urine to be expelled from the body

sperm travels through the last part of the urethra during copulation

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5
Q

What is the bulbus glandus?

A

a bulb of erectile tissue at the base of a dog’s penis that swells during copulation which locks the mating animals together

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6
Q

What is the epididymis?

A

a coiled tube at the back of the testes that connects the testes to the vas deferens

where sperm matures and is stored before release

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7
Q

What are the vas deferens?

A

tubes that transport sperm from the epididymis to the prostate gland

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8
Q

What are the testes?

A

a pair of organs responsible for the production of sperm

produce testosterone

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9
Q

What is the prostate gland?

A

vas deferens ends at the prostate gland

part of urethra is enclosed by it

produces a fluid which protects the sperm and it expels sperm into the urethra upon ejaculation

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10
Q

What structures make up the female reproductive system?

A

vulva
vagina
cervix
uterus
oviducts
ovaries

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11
Q

What is the vulva?

A

the entrance to the vagina

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12
Q

What is the vagina?

A

a muscular tube which receives the penis during copulation

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13
Q

What is the cervix?

A

the entrance to the uterus

located at the other end of the vagina

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14
Q

What is the uterus?

A

a muscular organ is the location where sperm fertilise eggs, and where an embryo grows after successful fertilisation

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15
Q

What are the oviducts?

A

tubes which connect the ovaries to the uterus

along which ovum (eggs) travel during a reproductive cycle

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16
Q

What are the ovaries?

A

responsible for the production of ovum which subsequently travel down the oviducts

responsible for the production of oestrogen

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17
Q

What adaptations do cats have?

A

penis points downwards and towards the rear of the cat when erect

penis covered in hundreds of small barbs which stimulate the female during copulation in order to trigger ovulation

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18
Q

What adaptations do whales have?

A

reproductive organs are completely internal to ensure whale is streamlined when swimming

penis is curved in an S-shape

penis only emerges through the genital slit during mating

vagina has a series of complex folds and is not a straight tube

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19
Q

How do whales keep their testes cool?

A

use blood that has already flowed through the tail and fins

this blood is cool because it has been in contact with the coldest parts of the whale’s body

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20
Q

Why does a whale’s vagina have complex folds?

A

prevent seawater contaminating sperm

retain sperm and prevent it leaking out

counteract pressure changes caused by diving or surfacing

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21
Q

What adaptations do pigs have?

A

heart-shaped uterus with two long and winding uterine horns which connect to the oviducts

horns are much longer than the body of the uterus so a sow can support and give birth to a large litter

horns are location of the foetuses

cervix has a series of interlocking folds

end a male pig’s penis is shaped like a corkscrew

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22
Q

What four hormones control the oestrous cycle?

A

oestrogen
progesterone
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
luteinising hormone (LH)

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23
Q

What secretes oestrogen?

A

follicles as they grow

24
Q

What secretes progesterone?

A

remains of the follicle (corpus luteum)

25
Q

What secretes FSH and LH?

A

the pituitary gland

26
Q

What begins the oestrous cycle?

A

a part of the brain called the hypothalamus is ultimately responsible for sending signals to the pituitary gland to begin the production of FSH

27
Q

What are the five stages of the oestrous cycle?

A
  1. Pro-oestrous
  2. Oestrous
  3. Metoestrous
  4. Dioestrous
  5. Anoestrous
28
Q

What is pro-oestrous?

A

production of FSH and LH is initiated in the pituitary gland by the hypothalamus

FSH stimulates the growth of follicles

the follicles produce oestrogen

rising oestrogen levels cause the formation of a lining within the uterus

29
Q

What is oestrous?

A

the follicles in the ovary continue to grow and mature; this leads to even higher levels of oestrogen which triggers a surge in the production of LH

LH acts on one dominant follicle causing it to become completely mature and then to ovulate

when an animal is fertile

30
Q

What is metoestrous?

A

what remains of the follicle that released the ovum is called corpus luteum

oestrogen production slows down and stops because the dominant follicle was responsible for most of it

the corpus luteum begins to release progesterone

progesterone helps to prepare the lining of the uterus for the fertilised egg

the presence of progesterone inhibits the further production of FSH and LH

31
Q

What is dioestrous?

A

when no pregnancy, the corpus luteum begins to break up and degenerate which means progesterone levels begin to decrease

lower levels of progesterone allow the production of FSH and LH to begin again

if the hypothalamus is stimulated pro-oestrous begins again

32
Q

What is anoestrous?

A

a period where the oestrous cycle stops altogether

characterised by low levels of all four hormones

33
Q

Why does seasonal breeding occur?

A

whilst the cycle is initiated by the hypothalamus, it in turn is influenced by the pineal gland

pineal gland produces a hormone called melatonin

short, dark, winter days cause more melatonin to be produced

in some species melatonin represses the hypothalamus from starting the oestrous cycle

in some species melatonin stimulates the hypothalamus to begin the cycle

34
Q

What do progesterone injections do?

A

increase the likelihood of a full-term pregnancy by helping to fully line the uterus

35
Q

What do hormone injections do to lead to the end of the cycle so that another can start?

A

quicken the degradation of the corpus luteum

36
Q

What do hormone injections do the sink ovulation with insemination?

A

act like LH to induce ovulation

37
Q

What do hormone injections do to cause ovulation?

A

act like the natural hormones from the hypothalamus, including the production of FSH and LH

38
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

sperm travels through the cervix into the uterus and to the oviducts

at the same time ovulation occurs and ovum is released and travels down the oviducts and meet the sperm

one sperm penetrates the outer wall of the ovum

once inside the egg, sperm loses it’s tail

sperm nucleus fuses with egg nuclues

fusing process combine chromosomes to form a zygote

zygote begins to grow by dividing into two replicating the chromosomes in each new cell

zygote travels down oviducts and into the uterus

39
Q

What is implantation?

A

whilst fertilisation takes place the release of progesterone causes the lining of the uterus to thicken

zygote continues to grow and becomes a blastocyst and implants into the uterus wall

40
Q

What is gestation?

A

part of the blastocyst becomes the embryo itself and part becomes the placenta

cells of embryo continue to multiply

nervous system, brain and major organs are amongst the first to develop

embryo grows into a foetus

41
Q

What is parturition?

A

the process of giving birth begins with contractions of the uterus

contractions begin to push the foetus to the cervix

progesterone, produced throughout pregnancy is a muscle relaxant which inhibits contractions

when gestation period is over, progesterone production falls

oxytocin is produced and causes the uterus to contract

series of contractions continues to push the foetus and placenta through the cervix and out through the vagina

42
Q

What hormone is responsible for the production of milk?

A

prolactin

43
Q

What does viviparous mean?

A

viviparous animals give birth to live young

embryos receive nutrients directly from the mother

44
Q

What animals are viviparous?

A

all mammals except duck-billed platypus, long-beaked echidna and short-beaked echidna

45
Q

What does oviparous mean?

A

embryos develop in eggs and hatch outside the body

embryos receive nutrients from the yolk

46
Q

What animals are oviparous?

A

birds
most reptiles
most amphibians
most fish

47
Q

What does ovoviviparous mean?

A

embryos develop in eggs within the mother’s body which then hatch inside her before she gives birth

embryos receive nutrients from the yolk

48
Q

What animals are ovoviviparous?

A

some reptiles e.g. boa constrictors
some fish e.g. stingrays
some amphibians e.g. Surinam toad

49
Q

What are viviparous mammals also known as?

A

placental mammals

50
Q

What mammals lay eggs?

A

duck-billed platypus
long-beaked echidna
short-beaked echidna

51
Q

What is the name given to egg laying mammals?

A

monotremes

52
Q

What characteristics do monotremes have that are different to other mammals?

A

endothermic but less warm than other mammals

do not have teeth

limbs on the side of the body rather than underneath

do not have teats but do provide milk via openings in their skin

53
Q

What are the third type of mammals called?

A

marsupials

54
Q

What is the sexual reproductive cycle in marsupials?

A

a fertilised ovum becomes an embryo

embryo embedded in the wall of the uterus

new born is far less developed than in placental mammals

new born makes it’s way to the mother’s pouch

new born attaches to a teat and drinks their mother’s milk instead of continually to rely on nutrients from the placenta

55
Q

What animals are classed as marsupials?

A

around 300 species including:
kangaroos
koalas
opossums

56
Q

What is embryonic diapause?

A

when a marsupial can pause the implantation of a blastocyst in the uterus

Animal Biology (16 decks)

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