Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Animal Biology > Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the skeleton made up of?

A

bones
joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are bones attached to each other by?

A

ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How are muscles attached to the skeleton?

A

via tendons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the functions of the skeleton?

A

protects important organs

provides a rigid structure which supports other body tissue

provides a way for the body to move

store important minerals

produces red and white blood cells and platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the two main parts of the skeleton?

A

axial skeleton
appendicular skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What bones make up the axial skeleton?

A

skull
vertebral column
ribs
sternum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the skull?

A

protects the brain

skull cavity is proportionally larger in mammals than in non-mammals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the vertebral column?

A

made up of vertebrae

enclose the spinal cord

number of vertebrae varies in different species

vertebral column split into different sections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the ribs and the sternum?

A

together form the rib cage

encloses and protects the lungs, heart and other organs

provides space for the lungs to expand when breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What bones make up the appendicular skeleton?

A

humerus
radius
ulna
carpals
phalanges
metacarpals
scapula
clavicle
femur
tibia
fibula
tarsals
metatarsals
pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What bones make up the pelvis?

A

sacrum and hip bone

hip bone made up of the pubis, ilium and ischium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are long bones?

A

cylindrical in shape

do not have to be long

have to be longer than they are wide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are some examples of long bones?

A

humerus
radius
ulna
femur
tibia
fibula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are short bones?

A

cube-shaped

equal in all dimensions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are some examples of short bones?

A

carpals
tarsals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are flat bones?

A

thin

often curved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are some examples of flat bones?

A

bones that make up the skull
scapula
sternum
ribs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are sesamoid bones?

A

similar shape to sesame seeds

small

found within tendons, where the tendons goes over joints

help with the movement of tendons over joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are some examples of sesamoid bones?

A

patella (kneecap)
in the tendons of paws and feet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are irregular bones?

A

bones that don’t fit into any other classification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are some examples of irregular bones?

A

vertebrae
mandible (lower jaw)
pubis
ilium
ischium

22
Q

What are the three types of muscle?

A

cardiac
smooth
skeletal

23
Q

What is smooth muscle?

A

exists in internal organs such as stomach and intestines

not under voluntary control

controlled by the autonomic nervous system

used to push food through digestive system, expel urine from the body and push foetus from the body

24
Q

How do smooth muscles perform their functions?

A

by contracting the walls of the organ

25
Q

What is cardiac muscle?

A

only exists in the heart

controlled by the autonomic nervous system

never gets tired because cells include large number of mitochondria

26
Q

What is skeletal muscle?

A

work in conjunction with joints to move the skeleton

under voluntary control by the animal

only produce movement in one direction by contracting

to move in opposite direction requires another muscle to contract

muscles work in antagonistic pairs to create movement

27
Q

What are joints?

A

where bones meet
classified according to their shape

28
Q

What is a ball and socket joint?

A

allows up and down and side-to-side movement plus rotation

29
Q

What are some examples of a ball and socket joint?

A

shoulder
hip

30
Q

What is a hinge joint?

A

allows up and down movement

31
Q

What are some examples of a hinge joint?

A

elbow
knee

32
Q

What is a pivot joint?

A

allows rotation

33
Q

What is an example of a pivot joint?

A

between the top of the vertebrae

34
Q

What is a plane joint?

A

allows side-to-side movement

35
Q

What is an example of a plane joint?

A

between the carpals

36
Q

What is a condyloid joint?

A

allows up and down and limited side-to-side movement

37
Q

What is an example of a condyloid joint?

A

wrist joint between radius and carpals

38
Q

What is a saddle joint?

A

allows a wide range of side-to-side and up and down movement

39
Q

What is an example of a saddle joint?

A

in primates between the thumb metacarpal and the carpals

40
Q

What are some of the major muscles?

A

latissimus dorsi
deltoids
gluteals
diaphragm
masseter

41
Q

What is the latissimus dorsi?

A

large muscle across the back that helps shoulder movement

42
Q

What is the deltoids?

A

controls movement in the shoulder

43
Q

What are the gluteals?

A

series of muscles that control movement of the hip and keeps it stable

44
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

the muscle that facilitates the mammalian respiratory system

45
Q

What is the masseter?

A

the muscle in the jaw of mammals

important for chewing and biting

46
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

due to inflamed joints

leading to pain, stiffness and lost mobility

caused by damaged or worn cartilage between joints

tend to affect older animals

47
Q

What is osteomalacia?

A

an imbalance of minerals in the diet

leads to soft bones

causes pain and problems with posture and movement

48
Q

What are tendon and ligament injuries?

A

if ligaments and tendons are overstretched or forced to move in the wrong direction they can tear

tears are painful and take a long time to heal

can lead to reduced movement or ability to walk

49
Q

What adaptations do aquatic animals have as a result of living in water?

A

skeletal bones are lighter because living in water means they don’t need to support their whole body mass

shorter humerus but longer phalanges to allow flipper to act like paddles

only four fingers

do not have hind limbs

have a vestigial pelvis

compressed or fused neck vertebrae to withstand forces on the neck when diving and swimming

greater flexibility of the vertebrae to allow for greater movement and more powerful thrusts

ribs can adjust position so they can withstand high pressures of diving

much longer skull more streamlined for efficient swimming

nostril located at top of skull seen as blowholes

50
Q

What adaptations do flying mammals have?

A

skeleton made up of thin bones keep them as light as possible

some bones in skull are fused to help make skeleton lighter

shortened ulna and fibula, very long metacarpals and longer phalanges on forelimbs which are attached to wings in order to extend them and allow them to fly

extended ridge of bone on sternum called keel where muscles responsible for flying are attached

developed an extra bone on foot called calcar to support skin that lies between tail and hindlimbs

51
Q

What adaptations do hopping mammals have to avoid predators?

A

tibia and fibula are much longer allowing animal to hop

forelimbs smaller than hindlimbs

greater separation between lower vertebrae to allow for more flexibility when hopping

sacrum and pelvis are fused to withstand forces caused by hopping

rabbit’s skeleton lighter to make hopping easier

rabbits have four digits on hindlimbs but five digits on forelimbs

52
Q

What adaptations do running mammals have?

A

longer hind and forelimbs

either walk on toes or develop hooves meaning they are effectively walking on tiptoes

reduced number of digits in feet

more muscles connect to scapula and pelvis to the upper forelegs and hindlegs and located closer to joints to allow for longer stride length and quicker stride rate

reduced clavicle or no clavicle allows for greater mobility of scapula

increased flexibility of the vertebrae allows whole body to flex up and down and create more power

Animal Biology (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions