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Animal Biology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the endocrine system?

A

communicates, controls and coordinates energy levels, reproduction, growth and development and homeostasis

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2
Q

What other system does the endocrine system work alongside with?

A

the nervous system

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3
Q

What is a hormone?

A

a chemical produced by an endocrine gland which has a specific effect somewhere else in the body

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4
Q

What are the three categories of hormones that regulate cell processes?

A

proteins
amines
steroids

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5
Q

Are protein hormones water soluble or lipid soluble?

A

water soluble

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6
Q

Are amines hormones water soluble or lipid soluble?

A

water soluble

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7
Q

Are steroids hormones water soluble or lipid soluble?

A

lipid soluble

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8
Q

What is an example of a protein hormone?

A

insulin

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9
Q

What is an example of a amine hormone?

A

adrenaline

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10
Q

What are examples of steroid hormones?

A

oestrogen and testosterone

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11
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

a small part of the brain that constantly monitors a number of the body’s parameters

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12
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

detects changes in the body’s parameters and releases hormones that stimulates or suppresses the pituitary gland

controls the pituitary gland

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13
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

releases hormones that stimulate other glands in the body

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14
Q

What are the two parts of the pituitary gland called?

A

the anterior (front)
the posterior (rear)

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15
Q

What hormones does the anterior of the pituitary gland produce?

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone
thyroid-stimulating hormone
follicle stimulating hormone
luteinising hormone
prolactin
growth hormone

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16
Q

What hormones does the posterior of the pituitary gland produce?

A

anti-diuretic hormone
oxytocin

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17
Q

What does adrenocorticotropic hormone do?

A

stimulates the adrenal gland

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18
Q

What does thyroid-stimulating hormone do?

A

stimulates the thyroid gland

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19
Q

What does follicle stimulating hormone do?

A

stimulates the growth of ovaries

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20
Q

What does luteinising hormone do?

A

stimulates the maturing of an ovum and causing it to ovulate

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21
Q

What does prolactin do?

A

associated with milk production in mammals

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22
Q

What does growth hormone do?

A

regulates the repair of tissue and promotes growth in young animals

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23
Q

What does anti-diuretic hormone do?

A

does not stimulate another gland

acts directly on the kidneys and blood vessels controlling the amount of water content in the blood

24
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A

acts on the smooth muscle of the uterus, causing contractions during parturition

25
Q

What is the function of the pancreas?

A

regulates the amount of glucose in the bloodstream

26
Q

How does the pancreas regulate glucose levels in the bloodstream?

A

produces the hormones insulin and glucagon

27
Q

What does insulin do?

A

allows glucose to be absorbed either by cells in the body or to be converted into glycogen and stored in the liver

lowers blood sugar levels in the blood

28
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

causes the stored glycogen in the liver to be released into the blood

increases the level of blood sugar in the blood

29
Q

What is diabetes?

A

a condition where there is a problem with either the production of insulin, or with the body’s response to insulin

the body cannot properly regulate glucose levels in the blood

30
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

on top of the kidneys

31
Q

What are the two parts of the adrenal glands called?

A

the cortex (outer)
the medulla (inner)

32
Q

What hormone does the medulla produce?

A

adrenaline

33
Q

What hormones does the cortex produce?

A

cortisol
aldosterone

34
Q

What does adrenaline do?

A

acts on the most tissues in the body

responsible for a fight or flight response to a stressful situation

causes the heart rate to increase, which provides more blood to muscles in anticipation of their immediate use

35
Q

What does cortisol do?

A

gives the body an energy boost in times of stress by controlling the way in which the body processes nutrients

36
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

instructs the kidneys to remove or release certain salts from the blood which regulates the balance of salts in the bloodstream

37
Q

What is the thyroid gland responsible for?

A

metabolism

38
Q

What does metabolism mean?

A

how quickly chemical processes take place in the body which in turn determines how quickly bodily functions take place

39
Q

What hormones does the thyroid gland produce?

A

T3
T4
calcitonin

40
Q

What does T3 and T4 do?

A

causes the body’s cells to work faster

41
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

acts in opposition to the para-thyroid gland

42
Q

What is the function of the para-thyroid gland?

A

regulates the levels of calcium in the body

43
Q

What hormone does the para-thyroid gland produce?

A

parathyroid hormone

44
Q

Why are correct calcium levels important?

A

important for proper functioning of the nervous system and in order to keep bones strong

45
Q

What happens when parathyroid hormone levels increase?

A

increases the rate of bone being broken down as part of the normal process of cell maintenance and repair

increase in bone breakdown leads to more calcium in the blood

46
Q

What hormones do the ovaries produce?

A

oestrogen
progesterone

47
Q

What hormone do the testes produce?

A

testosterone

48
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

the process by which bodily conditions are maintained within a certain range

49
Q

What does the process of homeostasis make use of?

A

negative feedback loops

50
Q

What three stages do negative feedback loops consist of?

A

measure
compare
change

51
Q

Why is it called negative feedback loops?

A

the process always tries to negate any measured changes in order to return to acceptable levels

52
Q

What are the two sorts of hormones called?

A

circulating hormones
local hormones

53
Q

What are circulating hormones?

A

hormones that flow through the bloodstream to different parts of the body

54
Q

What are local hormones?

A

hormones that are not released into the bloodstream and therefore do not circulate through the body

they act on cells very near to where they are released

55
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

glands that secrete substances onto the surface of the body or organs via ducts

do not secrete hormones

not covered in the syllabus

Animal Biology (16 decks)

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