Reproductive System Flashcards by Olivia Howard

How many deaths per year does prostate cancer cause

32,000

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What temperature is needed in order for testicles to produce sperm

95 degrees fahrenheit

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What is the function of the prostate

secretes thin alkaline substance which makes up 31% of seminal fluid

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Where is sperm made

seminiferous tubules

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What happens in a vasectomy

Vas deferens is cut

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What is another word for male gonads

testes

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What is the most important male fertility factor

number of sperm

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What is an epididymis and how many are there

tubules in scrotum and they store sperm: 2

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What is the Vas deferens and how many are there

tubes that carry sperm from scrotum to urethra: 2

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What are the structures that produce semen/seminal fluid

pair of seminal vesticles, prostate, pair of bulbourethral(cowper’s) glands

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What is the pH of sperm and what does it counteract

7.5, counteracts the acidity of the vagina

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Is sperm a base, acidic, or neutral

base

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How much sperm is in an ejaculation

400 million

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What is the word for making sperm

spermatogenesis

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What are the functions of the testes

spermatogenesis and secretion of hormones

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What is testosterone produced by

interstitial (Leydig) cells

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What does testosterone do

promotes “maleness” development, regulate metabolism and development of muscle(protein anabolism), fluid and electrolytes balance(secretes potassium at kidney), inhibits anterior pituitary secretion of gonadotropins(FSH and LH)

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What is capacitation: when does it occur: why is it necessary

ripening of sperm, usually after they enter the vagina: necessary for sperm to be able to fertilize the egg

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Why is high sperm count necessary for fertilization

so enzymes can breakdown cervical mucus allowing sperm to pass through and to digest and allow sperm to penetrate the outer covering of the egg and fertilize it

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What is the function of the Vas deferens

sperm duct

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What are the two gonadotropins

FSH and LH

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What does FSH do

causes seminiferous tubules to produce sperm more rapidly

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What does LH do

increase secretion of testosterone

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What is the function of the seminal vesicles

secretes liquid, alkaline, thick, viscous, yellowish color

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What does alkalinity do

helps protect sperm in acidic urethra(male) and vagina

What is the function of the scrotum

keeps testes cooler

What is the secretion percentage of testes and epididymis

less than 5%

What is the secretion percentage of seminal vesicle

59%

What is the secretion percentage of bulbourethal

less than 5%

What is the secretion percentage of the prostate

31%

What is the essential reproductive organ for males

testes

What are the functions of the female reproductive systems

productions of female gamete, continuation of genetic doe, protection and nutrition of offspring

What is the essential organ for female reproductive system

ovary

What are the functions of the ovaries

produces female gamete/eggs and secreting estrogen and progesterone

What is the female gamete

ovum/egg

What is oogenesis

egg production

What is the end result of oogenesis

ootid and 3 polar bodies

What is ovulation

release of an egg

What is the site of fertilization for a female

uterine(Fallopian) tubes

What is the site of implantation for the female

uterus

What is the endometrium

mucous membrane

What are the walls of the uterus

endometrium, myometrium, and perimetrium

Where do fertilized eggs embed

endometrium

During menstruation, what happens and where is it

stratum compact and stratum spongiosum shed off; endometrium

What is the thick middle layer of the uterus

myometrium

What is the myometrium made up of

3 layers of smooth muscle; no conscious control

What does La maze do

relaxing the muscles to allow them to work more easily and efficiently

What does FSH stand for

follicle stimulating hormone

Why are the layers in the fundus thick

to help push baby out

What is labor

contraction of muscle

How does ovum move through fallopian tubes

by cilia

If ____________ does not occur, a woman cannot get pregnant

follicle development

Why does the uterine lining shed once a month

to allow the endometrium to renew itself

What happens to hormone levels prior to menstruation

blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease

What are 4 changes that take place in the menstruation cycle

uterine thickens, ovulation, egg into uterus, loss of egg and uterine tissue expelled out vagina

What is the average length of a menstruation cycle

28 days

When does ovulation occur

14 days before the next cycle

Why does the endometrium shed

because it is not getting nourished

What is the name of the first menses occurring at the onset of puberty

menarche

What is the termination of menstrual cycles, usually occurs at age 50

menopause

What does FSH and LH stimulate the production of for females

estrogen and progesterone

What is estrogen

female sex hormone, stimulates secondary sexual characteristics

What is progesterone

prepares uterus for a fertilized egg/ovum

What is oxytocin

initiates and maintains labor; also releases breast milk into mammary ducts

What is prolactin

stimulates breast development for lactation

How do birth control pills work

overload body with estrogen and progesterone, these sustained high levels prevent follicle development; it tricks body into thinking it is pregnant

__________ produces one haploid egg and three polar bodies while _______________ produces four haploid sperm

oogenesis; spermatogenesis

True or false: Eggs can live much longer than sperm; also how long can an egg live

false: 24 hours

Where does fertilization occur

fallopian tubes

The embryo develops in the

placenta

Cleavage begins _________ after fertilization

immediately

What begins with conception and ends with birth

prenatal period

How does sperm reach the Fallopian tubes

swimming

What part of the egg attracts sperm with special proteins

zona pellucida

What happens to the egg immediately after sperm enters

there becomes a fertilization barrier so other sperm cannot enter

What is the window of fertilization

3 days before and 1 1/2 days after ovulation

Why is the window of fertilization 3 days before ovulation

because sperm can live longer than an egg

What is cleavage and when does it occur

rapid cell division; immediately after fertilization

At 10 days after fertilization, what does it become

blastocyst

After fertilization, where does the egg go

embeds into uterus and develops

What is the number of days/months of gestation

280 days, 9 months