Reproductive System

Question 1

ovary
shape/size, what does it consist of, what does it produce

Answer 1

• Bean shaped
• Horse: 4-8cm x 4-6cm (breeding season)
• Fibrous capsule
• Ova fossa
• Produce estrogen
• Tunica albuginea
• Ovarian cortex
• Ovarian medulla

Question 2

fibrous capsule in ovary

Answer 2

protective layer

Question 3

ova fossa in ovary

Answer 3

area where ovulation occurs

Question 4

tunica albuginea in ovary

Answer 4

outer single cell layer

Question 5

ovarian cortex in ovary

Answer 5

oocytes, corpus luteum, corpora albicans

Question 6

ovarian medulla in ovary

Answer 6

blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic tissue

Question 7

where is the ovarian medulla

Answer 7

in the ovary in the middle (more on the inside)

Question 8

where is the ovarian cortex in the ovary

Answer 8

more on the outside

Question 9

inside the ovarian cortex

Answer 9

• Primary oocyte
• Secondary oocyte within a follicle
• Graafian follicle (pre-ovulatory follicle)
  –> Ovulation
• Corpus luteum (gelbkörper)
• Corpora albicans (degenerating corpus lutea)

Question 10

uterus
what does it consist of

Answer 10

• A body and two horns
• Wall consists of three layers
• Outer: connective tissue layer
• Middle: muscle layer
• Inner: mucosa, called endometrium -> epithelial cell layer

Question 11

uterus functions

Answer 11

• Sperm/semen transport
• Luteolysis (production PGF2α  breakdown CL)
• Environment for attachment of embryo
• Maternal contribution to the placenta
• Expulsion of the fetus and fetal placenta

Question 12

cervix

Answer 12

• Thick-walled connective tissue
• Lined by a series of folds

Question 13

cervix functions

Answer 13

• Seal/barrier (tightly closed during anestrus)
• Let sperm pass (flowering, thinner sections)

Question 14

order of movement of the ovum

Answer 14

Ovary, oviduct, uterus horn, uterus body, cervix, vagina, vulva

Question 15

where does fetilization take place

Answer 15

oviduct

Question 16

how long is the cycle

Answer 16

21 days

Question 17

what happens on day 0 of the cycle

Answer 17

ovulation

Question 18

what happens on day 5 of the cycle

Answer 18

progesterone level rises

Question 19

what happens on day 16 of the cycle

Answer 19

Prostaglandin F2α -> makes CL regress

Question 20

what happens on day 21 of the cycle

Answer 20

CL disappears

Question 21

when is LH the highest in the cycle

Answer 21

shortly before ovulation

Question 22

when is progesterone the highest in the cycle

Answer 22

from day 10 to 17

Question 23

when is oestrogen the highest in the cycle

Answer 23

before ovulation

Question 24

when is GnRH the highest in the cycle

Answer 24

day 7

Question 25

when is FSH the highest in the cycle

Answer 25

it is sometimes higher and sometimes lower like a wave

Question 26

PGF2α

Answer 26

Is produced by uterus when there has been no implantation during the luteal phase, acts on corpus luteum to cause luteolysis, forming corpus albicans and stopping the production of progesterone

Question 27

hormonal cycle (9 steps)

Answer 27

1. GnRH from hypothalamus to pituitary
2. FSH and LH from pituitary stimulate growth of follicle in ovary
3. Growing follicle produces estrogen
4. Ovulation: oocyte is released
5. Rest of follicle forms corpus luteum
6. CL produces progesterone, wall of uterus grows
7. If fertilization: egg travels to uterus
8. If no fertilization: CL will regress (PGF2α acts on CL to form corpus albicans to stop the production of progesterone)
9. Menstruation takes place (or lining of uterus wall will be reabsorbed)

Question 28

testis

Answer 28

• Primary reproductive organs in the male
• Production of: spermatozoa, hormones (and proteins), fluids

Question 29

the functional part of the testis cosists of:

Answer 29

tubular and intertubular compartment

Question 30

what is in the tubular compartment

Answer 30

• Seminiferous tubules (sperm production):
• Germ cells -> spermatozoa
• Sertoli cells -> nursing cells (epithelial cells, support spermatogenesis)

Question 31

what is in the intertubular spaces (4)

Answer 31

• Cells of Leydig (production of testosterone)
• Capillaries (blood supply)
• Lymphatic vessels
• Connective tissue

Question 32

what do sertoli cells do

Answer 32

nursing cells, support spermatogenesis

Question 33

what do the cells of leydig do

Answer 33

production of testosterone

Question 34

spermatic cord

Answer 34

• Transport semen
• Provide vascular, lymphatic, and ventral connection to the body
• Provide a heat exchanger (pampiniform plexus = network of veins)
• House of the cremaster muscle (muscle that surrounds testis and spermatic cord)

Question 35

excurrent duct system

Answer 35

• Allows for final maturation, storage, and delivery of spermatozoa to the urethra. It consists of:
• epididymal duct
• vas deferens
• accessory sex glands

Question 36

epididymal duct (epididymis)

Answer 36

• Head, body, tail
• Convoluted tubules
• Stores sperm
• Drives further sperm maturation

Question 37

vas deferens (ductus deferens)

Answer 37

• Connects testis to urethra
• Transport of semen

Question 38

functions of the accessory sex glands

Answer 38

• Production of semen fluids
• Production of semen nutrients

Question 39

seminal plasma is produced by …

Answer 39

• Epididymis
• Accessory glands:
• Ampulla
• Vesicular glands
• Prostate glands
• Bulbo-urethral gland (Cowper’s gland)

Question 40

functions of seminal plasma

Answer 40

• Helps transport semen
• Causes final development of the sperm
• Provides energy and nutrients for sperm survival