reproductive system Flashcards
the false pelvis
bounded posteriorly by lumbar vertebrae
laterally by iliac fossae and iliacus muscle
anteriorly by lower part of anterior abdominal wall
helps support abdominal contents and has role in pregnancy and childbirth by helping guid foetus into true pelvis during labour
pelvic outlet
bounded posteriorly by coccyx, laterally by ischial tuberosities and anteriorly by pubic arch
unlike inlet, pelvic outlet does not provide smooth line, instead has 3 wide notches:
anteriorly to pubic arch
laterally by sciatic notches
sciatic notches divided by ligaments to produce greater and lesser sciatic foramina
male and female pelves
male more heart shaped
male angle = 50-60 women angle = 80-85
pelvic floor I
two levator ani
- attached to posterior pubis
- linea thickening over obturator internus
- spine of ischium
tendinous arch = thickening
coccyges muscle = sacrospinous ligament and ischial spine
- supports pelvic viscera
- separates pelvic cavity above from perineum below
- formed by pelvic diaphragm
- incomplete anteriorly to allow passage of urethra and vagina: urogenital hiatus
pelvic floor II
levator ani has two parts = pubococcygeus and iliococcygeus
ligaments of the pelvic wall
greater and lesser sciatic foramen
sacrospinous ligament
sacrotuberous ligament
obturator membrane
obrtruator canal
obtruator internus
blood supply: anterior divisions of internal iliac artery
umbilical artery = carries blood to placenta, becomes medial umbilical fold
inferior vesical artery = base of bladder, prostate gland, vas deferens, female vaginal artery
middle rectal artery obturator artery dorsal artery of penis inferior gluteal artery internal pudendal artery ]
female has:
- uterine artery
posterior divisions of the internal iliac artery
- ilio lumbar artery
- lateral sacral branch
- superior gluteal artery
male reproductive system
scrotum = sack of skin and smooth muscle, SA can change by contraction of dartos and cremaster muscle to help control temp, one testis lies lower level in scrotum to avoid compression
testes = firm, mobile organs lying in scrotum, spermatogenesis, produce sperm
bulbourethral glands = lubrication of urethra
testis and epididymis
testis:
- composed of seminiferous tubules
- modified at each end = straight tubules
- connected to rete testis = collecting chamber
- 12-20 efferent ductules originate from upper end of rete testis, penetrate capsule and connect with epididymis
epididymis
- single, long, coiled duct
- efferent ductules from enlarged mass on posterior superior pole of testis = head
- drain into body
- body enlarges at tail, which is continuous with ductus deferens
ductus vas deferens
large muscular tube, transports sperm from tail of epididymis to ejaculatory duct
passes through inguinal canal
spermatic cord
collection of vessels, nerves and ducts running to and from testes
relatively short - connecting scrotum to abdomen
layers of anterior abdominal wall surround spermatic cord in form of spermatic fascia
male external genitalia
penis = two corpora cavernous and single corpus spongiosum
consist of root and body:
- root = two crura, proximal parts of corpora cavernous attached to pubic arch
- bulb = proximal part of corpus spongiosum, anchored to perineal membrane
- body = formed by tethering of two proximal free parts of corpora cavernous and related free part of corpus spongiosum
female reproductive system
ovary = production of ova, production of female sex hormones: oestrogen and progesterone
uterus = reception, retention and nutrition of fertilised ovum
vagina = female genitalia canal, forms part of birth canal
uterine tube:
- receives ovum from ovary and provides site where fertilisation can take place. provides nourishment for fertilised ovum and transports to cavity of uterus. conduit for spermatozoa
ovary
connected to lateral wall of uterus via round ligament of ovary
lies against lateral wall of pelvis in a depression: ovarian fossa
position is variable:
- pregnant = enlarging uterus pulls it into abdominal cavity
- may lie in rectouterine pouch
before puberty = smooth
after = scarred
menopause = small and pitted
vagina
8cm length
muscular tube extending upward and backward from vulva to uterus
upper half of vagina lies above pelvic floor and lower part below
areas of vaginal lumen divided into 4 parts:
- anterior, posterior, x2 lateral fornicles
anteversion and anteflexion
long axis of uterus is bent forward on long axis of vagina = ante version
long axis of body of uterus bent forward with long axis of cervix = ante flexion
female external genitalia
bulbs of vestibule = situated either side of vaginal opening
small bands of erectile tissues connect anterior ends of bulbs to pea sized erectile mass = glans clitoris
root consists of only two crura
body formed by unattached parts of two corpora carvernosa
uterus in pregnancy
uterus becomes enlarged as result of increasing production of oestrogen and progesterone
by 12 weeks, fundus rises out of abdomen and by 40 weeks it reaches level of xiphoid process
hypertrophy of smooth muscle fibres and some hyperplasia
uterus in labour
cause unknown
contractility of uterus has been fully developed in response to oestrogen
sensitive to oxytocin
possibly by sudden withdrawal of progesterone
head stretches cervix, initiates reflex response which increases force of contraction of uterine body
uterine muscular activity largely independent of extrinsic innervation
