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Anatomy sem 3 > CNS > Flashcards

CNS Flashcards

1
Q

3 main division.

A

forebrain = cerebrum and diencephalon

midbrain.

hindbrain = pons and medulla oblongata and cerebellum

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2
Q

cerebrum

A

largest area of brain
divided into two cerebral hemispheres
separated by longitudinal fissure
connected by corpus callosum

conscious though processes and intellectual function
memory storage, processing and retrieval
conscious and subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle contraction

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3
Q

cortex

A 
surface layer called cortex 
gray matter
thrown into folds:
1. gyri = ridges, 
2. separated by fissures = sulci

both increase surface area

-subdivide surface into lobes in cortex

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4
Q

lobes of cerebral hemisphere

A

frontal lobe
parietal lobe
occipital lobe

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5
Q

which sulci seperate which lobe

A

central sulcus = frontal from parietal

lateral sulcus = frontal from temporal

parietoocipital sulcus = parietal from occipital lobe

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6
Q

functional areas of the brain I

A

pre central gyrus = primary motor area, controls voluntary movement

post central gyrus = primary sensory area, receives and interprets sensations

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7
Q

functional areas of brain II

A

superior temporal gyrus = primary auditory area, on lateral sulcus, reception and interpretation of sound

brocas area = motor speech, above lateral sulcus, left side of brain, controls movement involved in speech

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8
Q

functional areas of brain III

A

wernickers area = located in posterior section of superior temporal gyrus on left side of brain, comprehension of speech

calcimine sulcus = primary visual area, located on posterior pole of occipital lobe around calcirine sulcus, receives visual impressions

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9
Q

cerebellum

A

coordinates complex somatic motor patterns

postural muscles = maintain balance

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10
Q

brainstem I

A

medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain

processing and relay centre for information passing to and from cerebrum and cerebellum

contains reflex centres associated with respiratory and cardiovascular functions

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11
Q

brainstem II

A

midbrain = most superior of 3 parts of brainstem

pons = largest part, above medulla oblongata, nerves to connect cerebellum to cerebrum

medulla oblongata = raised bumps to carry nerve signals between brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

diencephalon I

A

region of brain almost completely hidden from surface

consist of dorsal thalamus and ventral hypothalamus

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13
Q

diencephalon II

A

thalamus = relay and processing centre

hypothalamus = involved in hormone production and emotional control

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14
Q

arterial supply of brain

A

brain supplied by:

  • two internal carotid arteries
  • two vertebral arteries
  • four arteries on anastomose on inferior surface of brain and form Circle of willis
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15
Q

internal carotid arteries

A

leaves neck by passing into cranial cavity through carotid canal

passes upwards and forwards in cavernous venous sinus

leaves sinus, passes lateral to optic chiasma

terminates by dividing into anterior and middle cerebral arteries

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16
Q

vertebral arteries

A

ascend in neck through foramina in transverse processes of upper six cervical vertebrae

enters cranial cavity through foramen magnum

join together from either side to form basilar artery

17
Q

circle of willis

A

unity of carotid and vertebral arteries

allows for collateral circulation of blood if one or part of circle becomes blocked or narrowed

avoids ischemia

18
Q

auroregulation of cerebral blood flow

A

ability of brain to maintain relatively constant blood flow

auto regulation is present in many vascular beds, but is particularly well developed in brain
- need constant blood supply and homeostasis

reductions in cerebral blood flow stimulate release of vasoactive substances from brain that cause arterial dialation

cerebral smooth muscle in arterioles constrict in response to elevated pressure

19
Q

stroke

A

interuption of blood supply to parts of brain

2 main causes of stroke:
- ischaemic = blood supply blocked due to blood clot

  • haemorrhagic = weakened blood vessel supplying brain bursts
20
Q

anterior cerebral

A

loss of blood supply effect primary motor cortex for lower limb and perineum of contralateral side

can lead to incontince due to lack of control of pelvic floor muscles

21
Q

middle cerebral

A

blockage will lead to loss of sensation and motor function of body except for lower limb and perineum

supplies Broca’s motor speech area and wernickes sensory speech area

loss of function can effect how someone speaks and ability to understand speech

22
Q

posterior cerebral

A

supplies primary visual cortex = blockage can lead to visual defects

supplies hippocampus = blockage can lead to memory loss

23
Q

the meninges

A

three protective membranes:

dura mater = tough, fibrous outermost covering

arachnoid mater = consist of arachnoid membrane and arachnoid trabecular which extends to surface of…

pia mater = blood vessels run along surface of pia mater within subarachnoid space

24
Q

cranial dura mater

A

double layer

endosteal layer = periosteum covering the skull

meningeal layer = dura mater proper, covers brain, continuous through foramen magnum with dura mater of spinal cord

25
Q

cranial dura mater - meningeal layer

A

sends inward four septa

divide cranial cavity into freely communicating spaces

contain subdivisions of brain
restrict rotatory displacement of brain

26
Q

reflections of dura mater

A

falx cerebri = lies in midline between two cerebral hemispheres

tentorium cerebelli = roofs over posterior cranial fossa

covers upper surface of cerebellum

supports occipital lobes of cerebral hemispheres

tentorial notch = passage of midbrain

falx cerebelli = projects forward between cerebellular hemispheres \

diaphragma sellae = small circular fold of dura, allows passage of infundibulum

27
Q

venous sinuses

A

situated between periosteal and meningeal layers of dura mater

receive tributaries from brain, skull bones, orbit and internal ear

28
Q

intracranial haemorrhages I

A

may result from trauma or cerebral vascular lesions

extradural = raises intracranial pressure

29
Q

intracranial haemorrhages II

A

subdural = tearing of veins as they enter superior saggital sinus

caused by blow to front or back of head, displacing skull

blood accumulates in potential space between dura and archanoid mater

30
Q

intracranial haemorrhages III

A

subarachnoid

leakage or rupture of circle of willis

severe headache, loss of consciousness

diagnosed by withdrawing heavily blood-stained cerebrospinal fluid through a lumbar puncture

31
Q

ventricular system and central canal

A

fluid filled central passageway
extends along spinal cord and brain
filled with cerebrospinal fluid
- continuously circulated fluid which also surrounds brain and spinal cord
-provides protective cushion
- transports nutrients and waste
- passageway forms enlarged chambers in brain called ventricles

32
Q

cerebrospinal fluid I

A

clear, colourless fluid formed by choroid plexus (coloured red)

circulates through ventricular system

enters subarachnoid space through three foramina in roof of the fourth ventricle

circulates both upwards over surface of cerebral hemispheres and downwards over spinal cord

33
Q

cerebrospinal fluid II

A

eventually enters bloodstream by passing through arachnoid villi into dural venous sinuses, in particular superior sagittal sinus

removes waste products of neuronal activity

fluid cushion for protection

34
Q

hydrocephalus

A

overproduction of CSF or blockage of ventricular system leads to accumulation of CSF

in neonatal skull, increase in pressure will force unfused cranial bone apart leading to cranial abnormalities as well as neurological complications

fused adult skull leads to dangerous rise in intracranial pressure

can be treated with a shunt that drains CSF from ventricular system into body cavity where it can be reabsorbed

35
Q

cranial nerves

A
  1. olfactory = smell
  2. optic = vision
  3. oculomotor = eye movement, pupil size and lens
  4. trochlear = eye movement
  5. trigeminal = sensory to face, operates muscles of mastication
  6. abducens = eye movement
  7. facial = taste, facial expression, secretion
  8. vestibulocochlear = balance, hearing
  9. glossopharyngeal = taste, blood pressure, gases, swallowing and secretion
  10. vagus = taste, sensory to thoracic, abdominal viscera, movement and secretion
  11. accessory = movement (pharynx, larynx and neck)
  12. movement (tongue)

Anatomy sem 3 (6 decks)

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