REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards
It produces sperm and hormones that govern male reproductive function and traits
Testes
It produces gametes
Gonads
Cells that may unite for sexual reproduction
Gametes
It undergoes meiosis and produce sperm or eggs
Germ cells
Location os male reproductive system
Lower pelvic region
Where does sperm form
Testes
Where does testes form
In the abdominal wall and descend into the scrotum before birth
Enclosed by smooth muscle
Testes
Proper development of sperm requires a temperature of
95 degrees fahrenheit
Secretion of substance that become part of semen
Prostate gland
Dual purpose duct; serves as channel for ejaculation of sperm during sex arousal; also for urine excretion at other times
Urethra
Organ of sexual intercourse
Penis
One of a pair of ducts in which sperm complete maturation; the portion farthest from testis stores mature sperm
Epididymis
One of a pair of ducts for rapid transport of sperm
Vas deferens
One of a pair of glands that secrete a lubricating mucus
Bulbourethral gland
One of a pair of glands that secrete fructose and prostaglandins which become part of semen
Seminal vesicle
One of pair of sperm-conducting duct
Ejaculatory duct
Sperm and sex hormone reproduction
Testes
Site of sperm maturation and subsequent storage
Epididymis
Conduct sperm to penis
Ejaculatory ducts
Secrete most fluid in semen
Seminal vesicle
Secretes some fluid in semen
Prostate gland
A coiled duct that functions a storage of sperm until they leave the body
Epididymis
During arousal, contraction of muscles send sperm into the ______ and ______ in the _____
Vas deferentia
Urethra
Penis
Substance from ______ and ______ helps form the semen
Seminal vesicle and prostate gland
Thick fluid expelled through penis during sexual activity
Semen
Semen is formed from the secretions of several glands
Seminal vesicle
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral gland
Secrete fructose and prostalglandins
Seminal vesicle
Secrete buffering chemicals
Prostate gland
Secrete thick mucus-fluid that neutralizes urine in urethra
Bulbourethral gland
In his reproductive years a male continually produces new germ cells or sperm which develop in a series of steps controlled by
hormones
Sperm form in what tubules
seminiferous tubules
How long is the seminiferous tubules in each testis
125 meters
It is inside the walls of the seminiferous tubules and also undergoes mitosis and meiosis
spermatogonia
the spermatogenesis
Spermatogonia primary spermatocytes secondary spermatocytes spermatids spermatozoa
It is the male gametes
Sperm or spermatozoa
Mature sperm in how many weeks of processing
9 to 10 weeks
In the maturing of sperm the sperm is nourished with secretions from
Sertoli cells
What is the tail of sperm
Flagellum
It is a part of sperm which contains mitochondria
The midpiece
The head of the sperm contains or is a
Nucleus with the DNA organized into chromosomes
It is cap with enzymes to penetrate egg
Acrosome
Seminiferous tubules are coiled inside the
lobes of the testis
What controls the sperm Formation
hormones
It is located in the tissue between the seminiferous tubules
Leydig cells
What does the leydig cells produce
Testosterone
it governs growth, form, and functions of the male productive tract
Testosterone
It’s stimulate sexual behavior
Testosterone
What does the testosterone promotes in secondary sexual traits
Facial hair and depending of the voice
It is released from the anterior pituitary
Luteinizing hormone
It stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone
Luteinizing hormone
Released from the anterior pituitary and is attached to Sertoli cells and are responsible for spermatogenesis
Follicle-stimulating hormone
It’s regulates the release of male reproductive hormones
Negative feedback loops
The biological function of the _________ Is the nurture developing offspring from the time of conception until birth
Female productive system
The females Primary reproductive organ
Ovaries
Release Sex hormone with secondary sexual traits: fat deposits in breasts, hips and buttocks
Ovaries
Reduce eggs during Reproductive years
Ovaries
It is an immature eggs that are released in the oviduct and travel to uterus
oocytes
The site of fertilization in females reproductive system
Oviduct
Organ where baby grows and develops
Uterus
Layer in uterus which is a thick layer of smooth muscle
Myometrium
Lining in uterus
Endometrium
Lower portion of the uterus
Cervix
Leads from the Cervix to the outside
Vagina
Outer genitals
Vulva
what are the outer genitals or vulva
Labia majora
labia minora
clitoris
One of a pair of primary productive organ in which oocytes form and mature; Produces hormones (such as estrogen and progesterone), Which stimulates maturation of oocytes, formation of corpus luteum, and preparation of the uterine lining for pregnancy
Ovary
a glandular structure
Corpus luteum
Small organ responsive to sexual stimulation
Clitoris
One of a pair of inner skin folds of external genitals
labium minor
One of a pair of outermost fat-padded skin folds of external genitals
labium major
organ of sexual intercourse and also serves as birth canal
Vagina
inner lining of uterus; site of implantation of early embryo; Becomes thickened, and highly vascularized tissue during a pregnancy; gives rise to maternal portion of placenta, An organ that metabolically supports embryonic and fetal development
Endometrium
thick muscle layers of the uterus that stretch enormously during pregnancy
Myometrium
chamber in which embryo develops; It’s narrow down portion (the cervix) secretes mucus that helps sperm move into the uterus and bars many bacteria
Uterus
One of a pair of ciliated channels through which oocytes are conducted from an ovary to the uterus; Usual site of fertilization
Oviduct
produce oocytes and sex hormones
ovaries
Conduct oocytes from ovary to uterus
Oviducts
secretes mucus that enhances sperm movement into uterus (after fertilization) and reduces the embryos risk of bacterial infection
Cervix
The menstrual cycle is how many days
28 days
Give the menstrual cycle
Menstrual phase
Proliferative phase
progestational phase
Endometrium disintegrates and Blood rich fluid flow begins day one of the cycle
Menstruation
Endometrium thickens and ovulation occurs
 proliferative phase
The Corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen
progestational phase
Lining of endometrium develops to receive a possible embryo
progestational phase
How many days is the menstruation in the menstrual phase
1 to 5
Follicle matures in ovary; endometrium rebuilds. how many days?
6-13
endometrium begins to thicken, ovulation occurs
Proliferative phase and 14
The lining of the endometrium develops to receive a possible embryo
progestational phase, 15-28
During the Menstrual Cycle, an______ Is Released from an Ovary
Oocyte
• First menstruation: between ages of 10 and 16
Menarche
- Cessation of menstruation; fertility ceases; generally between late 40s and early 50s
- Temporary symptoms of decline of estrogens
Menopause
• Tissue spreads and grows outside of the uterus; leads to scarring; symptoms and treatment
Endometrosis
As the menstrual cycle advances, a cycle in the ovaries forms an ______ that may develop into an egg.
oocyte
The Ovarian Cycle:
Oocytes Develop
Guide Ovulation
hormones
- Born with ~300 oocytes arrested in meiosis I
* One primary oocyte matures/month during the female’s menstrual cycle
Ovarian Cycle
• Surrounded by a layer of nourishing cells
Primary oocyte
- grows due to FSH and LH
- Levels of estrogen increase
- Oocyte completes meiosis I before ovulation
Primary oocyte
It forms the follicle
Primary oocyte
- Gets most of the cytoplasm; begins undergoing meiosis II
- Surge of LH
- Ovulation: release of secondary oocyte from the ovary
Secondary oocyte
- Enters the oviduct
- ____ help sweep it in
- If fertilization occurs, meiosis II is completed
Secondary oocyte
Fimbriae
cause cervix to produce large amounts of thin, clear mucus
Estrogen
Midcycle surge of LH
• Triggers formation of corpus luteum
• Secretes some estrogen and progesterone
• Progesterone; thickens mucus and maintains
endometrium
• Lasts for ~12 days
• If no embryo implants, corpus luteum disintegrates
are mechanically compatible for sexual intercourse, which may lead to pregnancy.
Penis and Vagina
In Sexual Intercourse, Both Partners Experience
Physiological Changes
- Erection of the penis due to engorgement
* Ejaculation of the semen
Sexual arousal in males
- Vasodilation of blood vessels in genital area
* Mucus-rich secretions
Sexual arousal in females
Can Produce a Fertilized Egg
Intercourse
After intercourse, ___________ move sperm deeper into the reproductive tract
uterine contractions
may occur a few days before or after ovulation or any time in between
Fertilization in the oviduct
combines chromosomes in the father’s sperm with those in the
mother’s egg. Thus the new cell of a new individual has a full set of chromosomes and DNA
fertilization
Sperm enters a secondary oocyte
Zygote
Changes necessary in the sperm to enter the egg
- Capacitation: acrosome membrane is weakened
- Many sperm bind to the oocyte
- Oocyte’s membrane changes; only one sperm enters; meiosis II of the oocyte is completed
nuclei of mature egg and sperm fuse
Ovum
People who choose to control whether their sexual activity produces a child have a variety of options.
Controlling Fertility
most effective method in controlling fertility
complete abstinence
sympto-thermal method
• No intercourse during fertile period
Rhythm method
removal of penis before ejaculation
withdrawal
rinsing out the vagina after intercourse
douching
Are the Most Effective Options in controlling fertility
Surgery and Barrier Methods
- Surgeries
* Usually irreversible
Vasectomy and tubal ligation
Spermicide
Kills sperm before it enters the uterus
devices that you place inside your vagina to form a barrier over the cervix. They are sometimes called barrier methods.
Diaphragm and cervical cap
Contraceptive sponge
list of surgery and barries metods
Vasectomy and tubal ligation
Spermicides
Diaphragm and cervical cap
Contraceptive sponge
Intrauterine device (IUD)
Condoms
Birth control pill or patch
Progestin injections or implants
“Morning-after pills”
Avoid intercourse entirely
Abstinence
Avoid intercourse in female’s fertile period
Rhythm method
End intercourse before male ejaculates
withdrawal
wash semen from vagina after intercourse
douche
Cut or close off male’s vasa deferentia
vasectomy
Cut or close off female’s oviducts
tubal ligation
enclose penis, block sperm entry to uterus
Diaphragm, cervical cap
Kill sperm
spermicides
prevent sperm entry to uterus or prevent implantation of embryo
Intrauterine device
Prevent ovulation
- Oral contraceptives
- Hormone patches
- Implants
- Injections
- Emergency contraception pill
Stimulate ovulation
Fertility drugs
Poor-quality oocytes or irregular or absent ovulation
- Most common in women over 37
- use fertility drugs
- clamophine
- human menopausal gonadotropin
Allows couple to overcome infertility
ART
ART includes
Artificial insemination by donor (AID)
In vitro fertilization (IVF)
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
ART means
Assisted reproductive technology
It can transmit disease
Sexual activity
Three most common STDs (all caused by bacteria)
Chlamydia
Gonorrhea
Syphilis
Most common in young sexually active people
Chlamydia infections and PID
Chlamydia is caused by
Chlamydia trachomatis
Common sexually transmitted disease
Chlamydia
How does chlamydia occurs
Bacteria infect cells in the urogenital tract and migrate to lymph nodes
Complications on chlamydia to women
Can be transferred to newborns
Develop into pelvic inflammatory disease (pid)
Infertility, ectopic pregnancy (a pregnancy in the fallopian tube or elsewhere outside of the womb), abscess formation, abscess formation, and chronic pelvic pain
PID
Std that may have no symptom at first
Gonorrhea
Gonorrhea is caused by?
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae (gonococcus)
Gonorrhea (descriptions)
Many unreported cases
Can spread to PID in women
Antibiotic resistance
STD that eventually affects many organs
Syphilis
Syphilis is caused by
Treponema pallidum
Syphilis develops in stages
Tertiary stage May appear 5-20 years after initial infection, prognosis is not good in this stage
Sign of syphilis
Skin ulcers
Lifelong infection
Genital herpes
Genital herpes are caused by
Herpes simplex virus
Types of genital herpes
Type 1 (infects the lips, tongue, mouth and eyes) Type 2 (genital infections)
No cure: latent and then recurrences
-triggers for flare-ups
Genital herpes
Can cause genital warts and herpes
Viruses
Can lead to cancer
Human papillomavirus
Genital warts is caused by?
Human papillomavirus
A painless growths in the genital regios and is extremely contagious
Genital warts
Genital warts may cause
Cervical cancer
- pap smear recommended
- Anti-HPV vaccine
Parasites that causes STD
Arachnid
Candida Albicans
Trichomonas vaginalis
Pubic lice
-crabs
Arachnid
Candidiadis is caused by
Candida albicans
Matching type
A yeast infection
Crabs
Protozoan
Candidiasis/Candida albicans
Pubic lice/arachnid
Trichomoniasis/Trichomonas vaginalis
Trichomoniasis is caused by
Trichomonas vaginalis
Risk factors of breast cancer
- obesity
- early puberty, late childbearing, late menopause, and excessive estrogen levels
- Fatty diet
- Genetics: BRCA 1 and BRCA 2
Prevention of breast cancer
Monthly self-exams
Mammograms
Breast cancer treatments (depend on the stage)
Lumpectomy Modified radical mastectomy Radical Mastectomy Lymph nodes always checked for cancer Radiation and chemotherapy
A disease that usually affect the endometrium and cervix
Cancers of the uterus
Disease that is often lethal
Ovarian cancer
To know if you have testicular cancer you should
Perform monthly slef-exams
Prostate cancer is
Annual digital rectal exam or psa blood test
No risk factors other than genetic
Most cured
2 cause of cancer death in both men and women
Prostate cancer and breast cancer
