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HAP LAB > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

o Passage of nutrients into the blood

A

• Absorption

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2
Q

Mouth (Oral Cavity) Anatomy

A
  • Lips
  • Cheeks
  • Hard palate
  • Soft palate
  • Uvula
  • Vestibule
  • Oral cavity
  • Tongue
  • Tonsils
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3
Q

Organs of the Digestive System Two main groups

A

Alimentary canal and Accessory digestive organs

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4
Q

Organs of the Alimentary Canal

A
  • Mouth
  • Pharynx
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine
  • Anus
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5
Q

o Breakdown of ingested food

A

• Digestion

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6
Q

forms the posterior roof

A

Soft palate

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7
Q

protect the anterior opening

A

Lips (labia)

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8
Q

form the lateral walls

A

Cheeks

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9
Q

o Production of cellular energy (ATP)

A

• Metabolism

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10
Q

fleshy projection of the soft palate

A

Uvula

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11
Q

space between lips externally and teeth and gums internally

A

vestibule

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12
Q

area contained by the teeth

A

Oral cavity

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13
Q

two types of tonsils

A

o Palatine tonsils

o Lingual tonsil

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14
Q

attached at hyoid and styloid processes of the skull, and by the lingual frenulum

A

Tongue

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15
Q

Pharynx Function

A

• Serves as a passageway for air and food
• Food is propelled to the esophagus by two muscle layers
o Longitudinal inner layer
o Circular outer layer
• Food movement is by alternating contractions of the muscle layers (peristalsis)

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16
Q

Process of the Mouth

A
  • Mastication (chewing) of food
  • Mixing masticated food with saliva
  • Initiation of swallowing by the tongue
  • Allowing for the sense of taste
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17
Q

Pharynx Anatomy

A
  • Nasopharynx
  • Oropharynx
  • Laryngopharynx
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19
Q

not part of the digestive system

A

Nasopharynx

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20
Q

o Outermost layer – visceral peritoneum

o Layer of serous fluid-producing cells

A

Serosa

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21
Q

forms the anterior roof

A

Hard palate

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22
Q

• Runs from pharynx to stomach through the diaphragm
• Conducts food by peristalsis
(slow rhythmic squeezing)
• Passageway for food only (respiratory system branches off after the pharynx)r

A

Esophagus

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23
Q 
o	Innermost layer
o	Moist membrane
	Surface epithelium
	Small amount of connective tissue 
(lamina propria)
	Small smooth muscle layer
A

Mucosa

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24
Q

posterior to oral cavity

A

Oropharynx

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25
Q

– continuous coiled hollow tube

A

Alimentary canal

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26
Q

Layers of Altimetry Canal organs

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscular externa
Serosa

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27
Q

Smooth muscle
o Inner circular layer
o Outer longitudinal layer

A

Muscularis externa

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28
Q

internal folds of the mucosa

A

Rugae

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29
Q

below the oropharynx and connected to the esophagus

A

Laryngopharynx

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30
Q

where food enters in the stomach

A

cardio esophageal sphincter

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31
Q

• Food empties into the

A

small intestine at the pyloric sphincter

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32
Q

• Regions of the stomach

A

o Cardiac region – near the heart
o Fundus
o Body
o Phylorus – funnel-shaped terminal end

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33
Q

o Just beneath the mucosa

o Soft connective tissue with blood vessels, nerve endings, and lymphatics

A

Submucosa

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33
Q

Location of Stomach

A

left side of the abdominal cavity

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34
Q

• External regions of the stomach

A

o Lesser curvature

o Greater curvature

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35
Q

• Layers of peritoneum attached to the stomach

A

o Lesser omentum
o Greater omentum
o Contains fat to insulate, cushion, and protect abdominal organs

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36
Q

produce hydrochloric acid

A

o Parietal cells

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37
Q

produce protein-digesting enzymes (pepsinogens)

A

o Chief cells

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38
Q

Stomach Functions

A
  • Acts as a storage tank for food
  • Site of food breakdown
  • Chemical breakdown of protein begins
  • Delivers chyme (processed food) to the small intestine
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40
Q

produce a sticky alkaline mucus

A

Mucous neck cells

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41
Q

attaches the greater curvature to the posterior body wall

A

Greater omentum

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42
Q

attaches the liver to the lesser curvature

A

Lesser omentum

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43
Q

• Simple columnar epithelium are:

A 
Mucous neck cells
Gastric gland
Chief cells
Parietal cells
endocrine cells
43
Q

secrete gastric juice

A

Gastric gland

44
Q

• The body’s major digestive organ

A

Small intestine

45
Q

o Attaches anteriorly to the duodenum

A

• Jejunum

46
Q

Specialized Mucosa of the Stomach

A

• Simple columnar epithelium

46
Q

produce gastrin

A

o Endocrine cells

48
Q

o Extends from jejunum to large intestine

49
Q

Structure of the Stomach Mucosa

A
  • Gastric pits formed by folded mucosa

* Glands and specialized cells are in the gastric gland region

50
Q

Subdivision of the Small Intestine

A
  • Duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
51
Q

Small intestine is • Suspended from the

A

posterior abdominal wall by the mesentery

53
Q
  • Small projections of the plasma membrane

* Found on absorptive cells

A

Microvilli of the Small Intestine

54
Q

• Muscular tube extending form the pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve

A

Small intestine

54
Q

o Attached to the stomach

o Curves around the head of the pancreas

A

• Duodenum

55
Q

Chemical Digestion in the Small Intestine

A

• Bile enters from the gall bladder
• Source of enzymes that are mixed with chyme
o Intestinal cells
o Pancreas

57
Q
  • Called circular folds or plicae circulares
  • Deep folds of the mucosa and submucosa
  • Do not disappear when filled with food
  • The submucosa has Peyer’s patches (collections of lymphatic tissue)
A

Folds of the Small Intestine

58
Q

• Site of nutrient absorption into the blood

A

Small intestine

58
Q

Structures Involved in Absorption of Nutrients

A
  • Absorptive cells
  • Blood capillaries
  • Lacteals (specialized lymphatic capillaries)
59
Q
  • Larger in diameter, but shorter than the small intestine

* Frames the internal abdomen

A

Large Intestine

60
Q
  • Fingerlike structures formed by the mucosa

* Give the small intestine more surface area

A

Villi of the Small Intestine

61
Q

Digestion in the Small Intestine

A

• Enzymes from the brush border
o Break double sugars into simple sugars
o Complete some protein digestion
• Pancreatic enzymes play the major digestive function
o Help complete digestion of starch (pancreatic amylase)
o Carry out about half of all protein digestion (trypsin, etc.)
• Pancreatic enzymes play the major digestive function (continued)
o Responsible for fat digestion (lipase)
o Digest nucleic acids (nucleases)
o Alkaline content neutralizes acidic chyme

62
Q

Functions of the Large Intestine

A
  • Absorption of water
  • Eliminates indigestible food from the body as feces
  • Does not participate in digestion of food
  • Goblet cells produce mucus to act as a lubricant
63
Q

Colon

A

o Ascending
o Transverse
o Descending
o S-shaped sigmoidal

64
Q

Propulsion in the Small Intestine

A

• Peristalsis is the major means of moving food
• Segmental movements
o Mix chyme with digestive juices
o Aid in propelling food

65
Q

o Accumulation of lymphatic tissue that sometimes becomes inflamed (appendicitis)
o Hangs from the cecum

66
Q

Structures of the Large Intestine

A
  • Cecum
  • Appendix
  • Colon
  • Rectum
  • Anus
67
Q

saclike first part of the large intestine

68
Q

external body opening

69
Q

Salivary Glands

A

• Saliva-producing glands
o Parotid glands – located anterior to ears
o Submandibular glands
o Sublingual glands

70
Q

Absorption in the Small Intestine

A

• Water is absorbed along the length of the small intestine
• End products of digestion
o Most substances are absorbed by active transport through cell membranes
o Lipids are absorbed by diffusion
• Substances are transported to the liver by the hepatic portal vein or lymph

71
Q

Accessory Digestive Organs

A
  • Salivary glands
  • Teeth
  • Pancreas
  • Liver
  • Gall bladder
72
Q
  • Mixture of mucus and serous fluids
  • Helps to form a food bolus
  • Contains salivary amylase to begin starch digestion
  • Dissolves chemicals so they can be tasted
73
Q

Classification of Teeth

A
  • Incisors
  • Canines
  • Premolars
  • Molars
74
Q

Regions of Tooth

A
  • Crown
  • Neck
  • Root
75
Q

exposed part of the tooth

76
Q

Food Breakdown and Absorption in the Large Intestine

A

• No digestive enzymes are produced
• Resident bacteria digest remaining nutrients
o Produce some vitamin K and B
o Release gases
• Water and vitamins K and B are absorbed
• Remaining materials are eliminated via feces

78
Q

Location of liver

A

right side of the body under the diaphragm

79
Q

Teeth

A

• The role is to masticate (chew) food
• Humans have two sets of teeth
o Deciduous (baby or milk) teeth
o 20 teeth are fully formed by age two
• Permanent teeth
o Replace deciduous teeth beginning between the ages of 6 to 12
o A full set is 32 teeth, but some people do not have wisdom teeth

80
Q

o Region in contact with the gum

o Connects crown to root

A

Neck (tooth)

81
Q

• Consists of four lobes suspended from the diaphragm and abdominal wall by the falciform ligament

82
Q

moving foods from one region of the digestive system to another

A

Propulsion

83
Q

o End products of digestion are absorbed in the blood or lymph
o Food must enter mucosal cells and then into blood or lymph capillaries

A

Absorption

84
Q

Propulsion in the Large Intestine

A

• Sluggish peristalsis
• Mass movements
o Slow, powerful movements
o Occur three to four times per day
• Presence of feces in the rectum causes a defecation reflex
o Internal anal sphincter is relaxed
o Defecation occurs with relaxation of the voluntary (external) anal sphincter

86
Q

crown (tooth)

A

o Outer enamel
o Dentin
o Pulp cavity

87
Q

o Periodontal membrane attached to the bone

o Root canal carrying blood vessels and nerves

A

Root (tooth)

87
Q

• Largest gland in the body

89
Q

• Produced by cells in the liver

90
Q

Processes of the Digestive System

A 
Ingestion
Propulsion
Peristalsis
Segmentation
Mechanical digestion
Chemical Digestion
Absorption
Defecation
91
Q

Composition of bile

A 
o	Bile salts
o	Bile pigment (mostly bilirubin from the breakdown of hemoglobin)
o	Cholesterol
o	Phospholipids
o	Electrolytes
92
Q

substance used by the body for growth, maintenance, and repair

A

• Nutrient

93
Q

moving materials back and forth to aid in mixing

A

Segmentation

94
Q

getting food into the mouth

96
Q

o Enzymes break down food molecules into their building blocks
o Each major food group uses different enzymes
 Carbohydrates are broken to simple sugars
 Proteins are broken to amino acids
 Fats are broken to fatty acids and alcohols

A

chemical digestion

97
Q
  • Sac found in hollow fossa of liver
  • Stores bile from the liver by way of the cystic duct
  • Bile is introduced into the duodenum in the presence of fatty food
  • Gallstones can cause blockages
A

Gall Bladder

98
Q

Liver is connected to the gall bladder via the

A

common hepatic duct

98
Q

Role of the Liver in Metabolism

A
  • Several roles in digestion
  • Detoxifies drugs and alcohol
  • Degrades hormones
  • Produce cholesterol, blood proteins (albumin and clotting proteins)
  • Plays a central role in metabolism
98
Q

alternating waves of contraction

A

Peristalsis

99
Q

o Mixing of food in the mouth by the tongue
o Churning of food in the stomach
o Segmentation in the small intestine

A

• Mechanical digestion

99
Q

Control of Digestive Activity

A

• Mostly controlled by reflexes via the parasympathetic division
• Chemical and mechanical receptors are located in organ walls that trigger reflexes
• Stimuli include:
o Stretch of the organ
o pH of the contents
o Presence of breakdown products
• Reflexes include:
o Activation or inhibition of glandular secretions
o Smooth muscle activity

100
Q

o Elimination of indigestible substances as feces

A

defecation

101
Q

o Energy output

A

 Heat is usually about 60%

 Storage energy is in the form of fat or glycogen

102
Q

total energy output (heat + work + energy storage)

A

o Energy intake

103
Q

• Categories of nutrients

A

o Carbohydrates: simple sugars, starches, fiber
o Lipids: triglycerides, phospholipids, fatty acids
o Proteins: amino acids
o Vitamins
o Mineral
o Water

104
Q

is liberated during food oxidation

A

o Energy intake

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