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Reproductive Physiology - Y3 > Reproductive Physiology P1+2 > Flashcards

Reproductive Physiology P1+2 Flashcards

1
Q

describe structure of the female reproductive system

A
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2
Q

what are different structures of the ovaries

A

surface
cortex
medulla

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3
Q

surface

A

connective tissue capsule covered with layer of simple cuboidal epithelium

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4
Q

cortex

A

peripheral part, connective tissue containing ovarian follicles (one oocyte surrounded by single layer of cells)

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5
Q

medulla

A

central part, connective tissue with blood vessels

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6
Q

what are the two main functions of the ovary

A

oocytre production
sterior hormone production

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7
Q

oocyte production

A

One mature egg per menstrual cycle, around 400 ovulated during entire reproductive lifespan

Majority of eggs perish during the cycle

Finite number, declines with increasing age

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8
Q

sterior hormone production

A

Estrogen develops female secondary sexual characters

Progesterone prepares endometrium for implantation

50% of testosterone produced by ovaries before menopause

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9
Q

what is the process of oogenesis

A

Primordial germ cell mitosis in fetal life only and primordial follicles arrested in the stage of first meiotic division until puberty (before birth)

First meiotic division complete and second division starts after puberty and leads to release of one secondary oocyte in a menstrual cycle which is capable of fertilisation

Second meiotic division completes after fertilisation of oocyte with sperm

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10
Q

primordial follicle

A

primary oocyte arrested in first meiotic division surrounded by one layer of squamous pre granulosa cells

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11
Q

primary follicle

A

oocyte surrounded by zona and cuboidal granulosa cells

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12
Q

secondary follicle

A

increased oocyte diameter and multiple layer of granulosa cells, resumption of first meiotic division

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13
Q

tertiary / graffian follicle

A

follicular fluid between the cells which coalesce to form antrum, completion of first meiotic division to form secondary oocyte and start of second meiotic division.

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14
Q

describe chromosomal division during oogenensis

A

oogonium
MITOSIS
primary oocyte
MEIOSIS
secondary oocyte
OVULATION + sperm
MEIOSIS fertilisation

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15
Q

main hormones that control female reproduction from hypothalamus

A

GnRH –> anterior pituitary
FSH / LH –> ovary
Estrogen / progrsterone –> uterus

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16
Q

what are the phases of the ovarian cycle?

A

follicular phase
ovulation
luteal phase
menstruation

17
Q

follicular phase

A

FSH causes folicle to mature and produce estrogen

18
Q

ovulation

A

LH surge causes ovulation

19
Q

luteal phase

A

ruptured follicle forms corpus luteum and secretes progesterone

20
Q

menstruation

A

corpus luteum degenerates –> corpus albicans

new ovarian cycle begins

21
Q

what is amenorrhea

A

no periods

22
Q

why may ammenorrhea occur

A

Problem with regulating hormones
Problem with ovarian function
Problem with uterus or outflow tract

23
Q

Problem with regulating hormones

A

Hypothalamic or Pituitary cause- hypogonadotropic hypogonadism(Low FSH, LH, high prolactin)

Functional– Excessive weight loss or gain, over exercising, stress

Chronic medical conditions- Diabetes, Sarcoidosis, Renal disease, TB

Intracranial Space occupying lesion- Prolactinoma, tumours, cysts
Infection or Trauma- Meningitis, intracranial bleed, Sheehan’s

Drugs- Glucocorticoids, anabolic steroids, opiates
Genetic- Kallmann’s syndrome

24
Q

Problem with ovarian function

A

Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism- high or normal FSH, LH

Genetic- Turner’s syndrome(46X), Fragile X
Ageing- steep decline in ovarian function past 35 years
POI or POF
Chronic illness- autoimmune diseases
Radiotherapy or Chemotherapy
Infection- tuberculosis, mumps oophoritis

25
Q

Problem with uterus or outflow tract

A

Congenital-
Absent Uterus, vagina- lack of Mullerian duct development(MRKH syndrome)
Transverse vaginal septum or imperforate hymen- Mullerian duct fail to canalise
Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Iatrogenic-
Uterine adhesions or synechiae (Asherman syndrome)
Radiotherapy- Pelvic or cervical

26
Q

management amenorhea

A

Life style changes
Optimise control of medical illness
Stop drugs or switch to alternatives
Prolactinoma- medical treatment
Intracranial SOL- surgical treatment
Vaginal anomalies( septum or hymen)- surgical treatment
Uterine adhesions- surgical division hysteroscopic
Fertility preservation before radiotherapy and chemotherapy
Fertility treatment- IVF with own or donor eggs

Reproductive Physiology - Y3 (12 decks)

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