infant feeding Flashcards
formula constituents
vitamins minerals carbs fats protein water
human milk constituents
cytokines
il7
enzymes
milk ipids
ovligosacharides
lactoferrin
leukocytes
immunogloulins
stem cells
lymphocytes
GF
vitamins and minerals
fats
carbs
protein
water
Special features of colostrum
Packed with protective factors
Concentrated nutrition
Strong anti-inflammatory factors
Stimulates gut growth
Small volumes – intentionally
Laxative effect – to clear meconium
Not breastfeeding increases risk in babies for
Gastroenteritis
Respiratory infections
Allergies*
Obesity
Type 1 and 2 diabetes
SIDS
NEC
Not breastfeeding increases risk in mothers for
Breast cancer
Ovarian cancer
Hip fractures
Heart disease
Microbiome - how do babies pick this up
Our bodies are made up of trillions of microbes
Babies begin to pick up their familial microbiome as they pass through the vagina at birth and through their mother’s milk in the postnatal period and beyond
Baby may receive exposure to maternal microbes in the womb
Lactobacilli more prevalent in mother’s vagina during pregnancy
With vaginal birth, skin-to-skin contact and breastfeeding a mother passes on her microbial heritage to her baby
Human milk oligosaccharides feed the new ‘friendly’ microbes in a baby’s gut
impact of caesarian birth on microbiome for a baby
If a baby is born by caesarean section they miss out on vaginal transfer of microbes so prolonged skin-to-skin contact and breastfeeding are especially important
Epigenetics
Emerging evidence suggest changes to our genes can be influenced by environmental factors
These changes are then passed down to future generations via maternal line
Breastfeeding may result in epigenetic changes which impact on:
Brain development
Baby’s immune system
Baby’s metabolic system
Protecting breastfeeding
The International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes (the Code)
The UK law
Professional accountability
What parents using formula need to know
1st milks for first year – no need for follow on!
All brands are similar
Information on preparing and sterilising
Cows’ milk from one year
Responsive bottle feeding
what are the stages of lactation
Lactogenesis 1 – Breast development and colostrum production from approx. 16 weeks gestation
Lactogenesis 2 – Onset of copious milk secretion occurring between 32 and 96 hours after birth
Lactogenesis 3 – Maintenance of milk production
After birth how does the process of breastfeeding get introduced
Oestrogen and progesterone levels drop
Prolactin and oxytocin levels rise in response to touch, smell and sight of baby
Baby begins spontaneous breast seeking behaviour
Mothering behaviours initiated
role of prolactin
Responsible for milk production
Responsive to touch and stimulation
Levels higher at night
Frequent contact/feeds sets up long term production
role of oxytocin
Responsible for milk delivery
Acts on muscle cells in pulsatile action
Levels higher when baby is near
Stress can temporarily delay ‘let down’
Feedback Inhibitor of Lactation (FIL)
milk removal - milk production
ineffective removal - reduced production
Oxytocin: The love hormone
Works on our feelings and emotions
Lowers blood pressure and improves sleep
Reduces stress levels by ‘taking on’ cortisol
Reduces pain sensitivity
Boosts our immune system
synthetic production can negatively impact normal production
role of skin to skin contact
All mothers have skin-to-skin contact with their baby after birth, at least until after the first feed and for as long as they wish
All mothers are encouraged to offer the first feed in skin contact when the baby shows signs of readiness to feed
Mothers and babies who are unable to have skin contact immediately after birth are encouraged to commence skin contact as soon as they are able, whenever or wherever that may be
Why skin contact should be protected
Triggers lactation and mothering hormones
Regulates temperature, heart rate and breathing in baby
Colonises baby with microbes from mother, father, and their environment
Stimulates feeding behaviour
Reduces stress hormones in mother and baby
For babies who are bottle fed why is skin to skin contact important
Triggers mothering hormones
Regulates temperature, heart rate and breathing in baby
Colonises baby with microbes - particularly important if not receiving breastmilk
Reduces stress hormones in mother and baby
Starts the mother-baby bond
9 stages
birth cry
relax
awake
activity
rest
crawling
familiarisation
suckling
sleeping
at any time what can skin to skin contact help with
Attachment challenges
Boosting milk supply
Unsettled babies and mothers
Breast refusal
Postnatal depression or low mood
Just because it feels so good and dads can enjoy it later on also!
