infant feeding Flashcards
formula constituents
vitamins minerals carbs fats protein water
human milk constituents
cytokines
il7
enzymes
milk ipids
ovligosacharides
lactoferrin
leukocytes
immunogloulins
stem cells
lymphocytes
GF
vitamins and minerals
fats
carbs
protein
water
Special features of colostrum
Packed with protective factors
Concentrated nutrition
Strong anti-inflammatory factors
Stimulates gut growth
Small volumes – intentionally
Laxative effect – to clear meconium
Not breastfeeding increases risk in babies for
Gastroenteritis
Respiratory infections
Allergies*
Obesity
Type 1 and 2 diabetes
SIDS
NEC
Not breastfeeding increases risk in mothers for
Breast cancer
Ovarian cancer
Hip fractures
Heart disease
Microbiome - how do babies pick this up
Our bodies are made up of trillions of microbes
Babies begin to pick up their familial microbiome as they pass through the vagina at birth and through their mother’s milk in the postnatal period and beyond
Baby may receive exposure to maternal microbes in the womb
Lactobacilli more prevalent in mother’s vagina during pregnancy
With vaginal birth, skin-to-skin contact and breastfeeding a mother passes on her microbial heritage to her baby
Human milk oligosaccharides feed the new ‘friendly’ microbes in a baby’s gut
impact of caesarian birth on microbiome for a baby
If a baby is born by caesarean section they miss out on vaginal transfer of microbes so prolonged skin-to-skin contact and breastfeeding are especially important
Epigenetics
Emerging evidence suggest changes to our genes can be influenced by environmental factors
These changes are then passed down to future generations via maternal line
Breastfeeding may result in epigenetic changes which impact on:
Brain development
Baby’s immune system
Baby’s metabolic system
Protecting breastfeeding
The International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes (the Code)
The UK law
Professional accountability
What parents using formula need to know
1st milks for first year – no need for follow on!
All brands are similar
Information on preparing and sterilising
Cows’ milk from one year
Responsive bottle feeding
what are the stages of lactation
Lactogenesis 1 – Breast development and colostrum production from approx. 16 weeks gestation
Lactogenesis 2 – Onset of copious milk secretion occurring between 32 and 96 hours after birth
Lactogenesis 3 – Maintenance of milk production
After birth how does the process of breastfeeding get introduced
Oestrogen and progesterone levels drop
Prolactin and oxytocin levels rise in response to touch, smell and sight of baby
Baby begins spontaneous breast seeking behaviour
Mothering behaviours initiated
role of prolactin
Responsible for milk production
Responsive to touch and stimulation
Levels higher at night
Frequent contact/feeds sets up long term production
role of oxytocin
Responsible for milk delivery
Acts on muscle cells in pulsatile action
Levels higher when baby is near
Stress can temporarily delay ‘let down’
Feedback Inhibitor of Lactation (FIL)
milk removal - milk production
ineffective removal - reduced production
