Reproductive organs Flashcards
1) What does the syndrome PCOS cover?
2) Etiology
3) Symptoms
4) Pathogenesis
1) Oligomenorrhea, Hyperandrogenism, Increased testosterone OR polycystic-appearing ovaries. Chronic anovulation
2) Obesity, genetics
3) Hirsutism, acne, Increased LH, normal estrogen + FSH, Increased testosterone in blood
4) Chronic anovulation (Amenorrhea / Oligomenorrhea, Enlarged polycystic ovaries) -> Estrogen rich environment -> Increased GnRH -> Increased LH and decreased FSH -> Increased androgen (prevents follicular development) -> Chronic anovulation
Insulin also stimulates androgens through insulin receptors on ovaries.
1) What is infertility and what are the 2 types?
2) Male and Female factors
1) Inability to conceive a child after 1 year of unprotected sex. Primary No prior conceptions Secondary 1/more previous pregnancies.
2) Male Azoospermia (no sperm), Oligospermia (Decreased number of sperm), Astenospermia (poor motility of sperm). Ejaculatory dysfunction, Immunologic problems, Obstruction
Female Diminished ovarian reserve, ovulatory dysfunction, cervical mucus problems, uterine cavity abnormalities, tubal factors
1) What is pelvic inflammatory disease and what causes it?
2) Risk factors
3) Clinical manifestations
1) Infection of upper reproductive tract (uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries). Caused by sexually transmitted organisms (e.g. gonorrhea) or endogenous organisms
2) 16-24 years, No prior pregnancies, History of multiple sex partners, Previous PID
3) Lower abdominal pain, painfull intercounse, back pain, fever. Co Infection with chlamydia/gonorrhea supports diagnosis
1) What is endometriosis?
2) Clinical manifestations and when they are first seen
3) When is the pain strongest?
1) Functional endometrial tissue outside uterus
2) First seen after first menses. Lesions undergo menstrual breakdown like normal endometrium -> Bleeding into surrounding structures -> pain + pelvic adhesions. Pelvic pain, back pain, painful intercourse.
3) Pain strongest before menstruation, subsidies after
1) Risk factors of cervical cancer
2) What are pap smears used for?
3) Clinical manifestations early on and in more advanced stages
1) Early age of first intercourse, multiple sex partners, smoking, STIs (HPV 16 + 18 is associated with cancer)
2) Can detect precancerous lesions (Changes in nuclear/cytoplasmic parts, variation in cell size)
3) Early Abnormal vaginal bleeding, discharge. Advanced Pelvic/ back pain, hematuria
1) Modifiable and Non-modifiable risk factors of breast cancer
2) How is breast cancer detected and what are the clinical manifestions?
1) Non-modifiable Female sex, Increased age, Family history, Hormonal disturbances Modifiable Obesity, Inactivity, Alcohol abuse
2) Detection Mammography, self-examination Clinical manifestations A mass / Nipple retraction / Unusual discharge. Often firm, painless mass without defined borders
1) What is amenorrhea?
2) What are the etiologies behind the 2 types?
1) No menses
2) Primary (no menses before 14-16 years) Gonadal dysgenesis (undeveloped gonads), Hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian axis disorders. Secondary (previous menses but no menses for >= 6 months) Pregnancy, tumor, eating disorders, strenuous physical activity
1) What is dysmenorrhea?
2) Describe primary dysmenorrhea, including when it is first seen and symptoms
3) What can cause secondary dysmenorrhea?
1) Pain/Discomfort with menses that causes some sort of disability
2) No associated pathology. Is seen 6 months - 2 years after first menses. Pain peaks on first day of flow. Symptoms Headache, nausea, vomiting, cramping, pain radiating to lower back
3) Endometriosis
1) What is cryptorchidism?
2) What is primary and secondary cryptorchidism?
3) Complications of cryptorchidism
1) One or both testicles do not descend into the scrotum
2) Primary Testicle han never migrated to scrotum Secondary Testicle has been in scrotal position
3) Can delay germ cell development -> Gets worse if testes remains undescended -> Decreased fertility + Increased risk of cancer
1) What is benign prostatic hyperplasia?
2) Risk factors and pathogenesis
3) Clinical manifestations
4) Treatment
1) Enlarged prostate gland, non cancerous
2) Risk factors High age, family history, obesity, diabetes. Pathogenesis High estrogen/testosterone ratio, Dihydrotestosterone is still produced -> Growth
3) Weak urinary stream, dripping, frequent urination, nocturia
4) Surgery and/or alpha1-adrenergic receptor blockers
1) What is testicular torsion?
2) Describe the 2 types of torsion
1) Twisting of spermatic cord -> Loss of blood supply
2) Intervaginal torsion Attachement of tunica vaginalis is too high -> Allows rotation of spermatic cord inside. Most common in adolescents. Vomiting, nausea, PAIN Extravaginal torsion Neonates. Torsion happen because of mobility of the testicle. Red scrotal skin, Firm and tender testes
1) What is epididymitis?
2) Symptoms and etiology
1) Acute or chronic inflammation of the epididymis
2) Pain, swelling, inflammation. Discharge, dysuria. Etiology: Bacterial/Viral
1) What is orchitis and what can cause is?
2) Symptoms of orchitis
1) Acute inflammation of the testes secondary to infection. Etiology Mumps, virus, bacteria. Can be from a primary local infection or systemic infection
2) Enlarges testes, tenderness
