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Pathophysiology Part 4 > Reproductive Function > Flashcards

Reproductive Function Flashcards

1
Q

The generation of sperm

A

Spermatogenesis

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2
Q

Part of the male external genitalia; it contains erectile tissue that fills with blood during sexual arousal

A

Penis

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3
Q

A sheath of loose skin that covers the glans penis at birth. Often surgically removed for hygienic, cultural, or religious reasons

A

Foreskin

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4
Q

An oily secretion produced by the glans that can combine with dead skin to form a cheesy substance. If not regularly removed from under the foreskin, the penis can become irritated and infected

A

Smegma

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5
Q

An opening or passageway

A

Meatus

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6
Q

Propulsion of sperm-containing fluid

A

Ejaculation

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7
Q

A sac of skin just below the penis that contains the testes, epididymis, and lower spermatic cords

A

Scrotum

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8
Q

Gonads; organs that produce sperm and the sex hormones

A

Testes

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9
Q

Structure in the male reproductive tract that stores sperm up to 6 weeks until ejaculation

A

Epididymis

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10
Q

Hormone that gives males their classic secondary sex characteristics and sex drive. Can also regulate metabolism and protein anabolism, inhibits pituitary secretion of the gonadotropins, and promotes potassium excretion and renal sodium reabsorption

A

Testosterone

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11
Q

Part of the male duct system that carries sperm out of the testes

A

Vas deferens

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12
Q

A cordlike structure, consisting of the vas deferens and its accompanying arteries, veins, nerves, and lymphatic vessels, that passes from the abdominal cavity through the inguinal canal down into the scrotum to the back of the testicle

A

Spermatic cord

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13
Q

A pouch that joins the seminal vesicles to form the ejaculatory duct in the male reproductive system. Stores semen and contributes secretions to it

A

Ampulla

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14
Q

A pair of pouches that secrete an alkaline ejaculatory fluid containing sugar, protein, and prostaglandins. Join with the ampulla to form the ejaculatory duct

A

Seminal vesicles

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15
Q

Canal in the male reproductive tract formed by union of the vas deferens and the duct from the seminal vesicle

A

Ejaculatory duct

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16
Q

Fluid made up of ejaculatory fluid and sperm. It flows from the ejaculatory duct to the urethra, where it is released from the penis during sexual intercourse

A

Semen

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17
Q

A chestnut-shaped gland at the base of the urethra in men; it produces fluid that mixes with the sperm and secretions of the seminal vesicles. This fluid decreases acidity of the secretions, increases sperm motility, and prolongs sperm life

A

Prostate gland

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18
Q

Two pea-sized glands adjacent to the urethra that secrete an alkaline fluid into the urethra to neutralize acidity caused by urine transportation. These secretions can sometimes be seen at the meatus before ejaculation. This secretion aids in lubrication of the penis during sexual intercourse and may contain some sperm left over from a previous ejaculation

A

Cowper gland

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19
Q

The climax of pleasurable sensations

A

Orgasm

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20
Q

The generation of eggs

A

Oogenesis

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21
Q

The transportation of the eggs

A

Ovulation

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22
Q

The fertilization of eggs

A

Impregnation

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23
Q

The support of fetal development from conception to birth by the female reproductive system

A

Gestation

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24
Q

The birth of the fetus

A

Parturition

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25
Q

The production and secretion of milk for the feeding of offspring

A

Lactation

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26
Q

Paired almond-shaped organs located on each side of the uterus

A

Ovaries

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27
Q

Two cylinders that extend from the fundus of the uterus to the ovaries

A

Fallopian tubes

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28
Q

A fertilized egg

A

Zygote

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29
Q

Pregnancy in which the zygote does not reach the uterus but rather implants outside the uterus

A

Ectopic pregnancy

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30
Q

A hollow pear-shaped organ held in place by the broad, round uterosacral ligaments

A

Uterus

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31
Q

Tilted forward. Usually used in reference to the uterus

A

Anteflexed

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32
Q

Tilted backwards - in reference to the uterus

A

Retroflexed

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33
Q

The inner mucosal lining of the uterus wall that undergoes hormonal changes to facilitate and maintain pregnancy

A

Endometrium

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34
Q

A vascular organ that develops during pregnancy to nourish the fetus through the umbilical cord

A

Placenta

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35
Q

The middle layer of the uterine wall, made up of smooth muscle and a vascular system. During pregnancy, the vascular system radically increases to support the fetus

A

Myometrium

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36
Q

The outer serous layer of the uterine wall that covers all of the fundus and part of the corpus but none of the cervix

A

Perimetrium

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37
Q

The narrow opening from the vagina to the uterus

A

Cervix

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38
Q

A series of monthly changes in females that begin at puberty and continue through the reproductive years

A

Menstrual cycle

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39
Q

Shedding of the endometrium. It generally occurs on a regular basis (usually every 28 days) during the reproductive years of women.

A

Menstruation

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40
Q

The complete and permanent cessation of the menstrual cycle

A

Menopause

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41
Q

A hollow tunnel-like structure that extends from the cervix to the external genitalia

A

Vagina

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42
Q

Gland in the mucosal lining of the vagina that secretes a protective lubricating fluid during sexual intercourse

A

Skene gland

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43
Q

A thin connective tissue that covers the external vagina opening to some degree

A

Hymen

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44
Q

The structures of external female genitalia. These structures include the mons pubis, the labia majora, the labia minora, the clitoris, and the vestibule

A

Vulva

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45
Q

The pad of fat over the symphysis pubis that becomes covered with hair after puberty

A

Mons pubis

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46
Q

The two large, fatty skin folds of the external genitalia that protect the perineum and aid in lubrication

A

Labia majora

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47
Q

Two small, firm skin folds located just inside the labia majora of the external female genitalia

A

Labia minora

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48
Q

Part of the vulva formed by the connection of two labia minor. It’s sensitive to stimulation and becomes filled with blood during sexual arousal. It contains two corpora cavernosa, similar to the penis

A

Clitoris

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49
Q

Glands that lie just within the labia minor and provide lubrication during sexual intercourse

A

Bartholin glands

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50
Q

The area of the vagina that contains the urethral and vaginal opening

A

Vestibule

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51
Q

Glands that are located in the breast of male and female but function only in females. They produce milk when stimulated to do so

A

Mammary glands

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52
Q

A hormone from the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates milk production

A

Prolactin

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53
Q

A pigmented projection of the breast that is surrounded by the areola

A

Nipple

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54
Q

An area of pigmentation surrounding the nipple of the breast

A

Areola

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55
Q

Gland that produces secretions that protect and lubricate the nipple and areola of the breast during breastfeeding

A

Areolar gland

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56
Q

The urethral meatus occurring on the dorsal surface of the penis instead of the end

A

Epispadias

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57
Q

Condition in which the urethral meatus is found on the ventral surface of the penis instead of the distal end

A

Hypospadias

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58
Q

A downward curvature of the penis

A

Chordee

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59
Q

A congenital condition in which one or both testes do not descend from the abdomen to the scrotum prior to birth

A

Cryptorchidism

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60
Q

Undescended testes that deviate from the path of descent

A

Ectopic testes

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61
Q

A testicle that moves back and forth between the scrotum and the lower abdomen. Such a testicle is easily returned to the scrotum through gentle manipulation

A

Retractile testicle

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62
Q

A testicle that has returned to the lower abdomen and cannot easily be guided back into the scrotum. Also called acquired undescended testicle

A

Ascending testicle

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63
Q

A biological inability to contribute to reproduction

A

Infertility

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64
Q

The inability to attain or maintain a penile erection sufficient to complete sexual intercourse. Also called impotence

A

Erectile dysfunction (ED)

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65
Q

Condition that occurs when the foreskin cannot be retracted from the glans penis

A

Phimosis

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66
Q

A condition in which the foreskin is retracted and cannot be returned over the glans penis

A

Paraphimosis

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67
Q

A prolonged, painful erection

A

Priapism

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68
Q

Fluid accumulation between the layers of the tunica vaginalis or along the spermatic cord

A

Hydrocele

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69
Q

A sperm-containing cyst that develops between the testes and the epididymis

A

Spermatocele

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70
Q

A dilated vein in the spermatic cord

A

Varicocele

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71
Q

An abnormal rotation of the testes on the spermatic cord

A

Testicular torsion

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72
Q

The absence of menstruation

A

Amenorrhea

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73
Q

Painful menstruation, to the extent that it impairs daily activities

A

Dysmenorrhea

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74
Q

A group of physical and emotional symptoms that affect many women prior to menstruation for reasons not fully understood

A

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

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75
Q

A severe form of premenstrual syndrome that is characterized by severe depression, tension, and irritability

A

Premenstrual dysphoric syndrome

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76
Q

Condition that occurs when the bladder protrudes into the anterior wall of the vagina

A

Cystocele

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77
Q

Condition that occurs when the rectum protrudes through the posterior wall of the vagina

A

Rectocele

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78
Q

The descent of the uterus or cervix into the vagina

A

Uterine prolapse

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79
Q

Condition in which the endometrium begins growing in areas outside the uterus

A

Endometriosis

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80
Q

A uterine fibroid; a firm, rubbery growth of the myometrium

A

Leiomyoma

81
Q

A benign fluid-filled sac on the ovary. Often forms in the ovulation process. Instead of the follicle releasing the egg, the fluid stays in the follicle, creating a cyst.

A

Ovarian cyst

82
Q

A condition in which the ovary becomes enlarged and contains numerous cysts

A

Polycystic ovary syndrome

83
Q

The presence of numerous benign nodules in the breast

A

Fibrocystic breast masses (disease)

84
Q

An inflammation of the breast tissue that can be associated with infection and lactation

A

Mastitis

85
Q

Inflammation of the prostate, which can be either acute or chronic

A

Prostatitis

86
Q

An inflammation of the epididymis, the duct connecting the testes to the vas deferens

A

Epididymitis

87
Q

A yeast infection caused by the common fungus Candida albicans

A

Candidiasis

88
Q

An infection of the female reproductive system

A

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

89
Q

Any of a broad range of infections that can be contracted through sexual contact. Sometimes referred to as sexually transmitted disease (STD)

A

Sexually transmitted infection (STI)

90
Q

One of the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections; caused by Chlamydia trachomatis

A

Chlamydia

91
Q

Sexually transmitted infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Referred to colloquially as the clap

A

Gonorrhea

92
Q

An ulcerative sexually transmitted infection caused by Treponema pallidum, a spiral-shaped (spirochete) bacterium that requires a warm, moist environment to survive

A

Syphilis

93
Q

An infected ulcerative lesion often associated with sexually transmitted infections such as genital herpes

A

Chancre

94
Q

The first stage of syphilis. Painless chancres (usually one) form at the site of infection about 2-3 weeks after initial infection

A

Primary syphilis

95
Q

Stage of syphilis that occurs about 2-8 weeks after the first chancres form. Approximately 33% of those individuals who do not have their primary syphilis treated will develop this second stage. This stage is characterized by a generalized brown-red rash that does not itch.

A

Secondary syphilis

96
Q

The final stage of syphilis. Begins when the secondary symptoms disappear and lasts 1-4 years. Can last for years as the infection spreads to the brain, nervous system, heart, skin, and bones. Also called tertiary syphilis

A

Latent syphilis

97
Q

A sexually transmitted infection that causes blisters on the genitals and in the reproductive tract

A

Genital herpes

98
Q

One of a family of more than 70 herpesviruses; the cause of genital herpes

A

Herpes simplex virus (HSV)

99
Q

In infection with the herpes simplex virus, a tingling or burning sensation at the site just before a lesion appears

A

Prodrome

100
Q

The first stage of genital herpes. It usually occurs with 2-10 days of exposure and is characterized by blisters or open lesions, fever, headache, muscle aches, swollen lymph nodes in the groin area, painful urination, and vaginal discharge

A

Primary herpes genitalis

101
Q

The second stage of genital herpes, which begins once the antibodies are formed

A

Latent herpes genitalis

102
Q

The third stage of herpes, wherein the virus is reactivated but produces no symptoms

A

Shedding herpes genitalis

103
Q

The fourth stage of genital herpes; characterized by the reactivation of the virus and clinical manifestations

A

Recurrent herpes genitalis

104
Q

Benign genital wart caused by the group of viruses called human papillomaviruses

A

Condyloma acuminatum

105
Q

A virus that can cause benign warts, genital warts, as well as reproductive (cervical and penile) and anal cancers. There are more than 70 different types

A

Human papillomavirus (HPV)

106
Q

Infection caused by Trichomonas vaginalis, a one-celled anaerobic organism. This extracellular parasite can burrow under the mucosal lining. Colloquially referred to as trick

A

Trichomoniasis

107
Q

Cancer of the penis. The exact cause is unknown, but risk is thought to be increased by the presence of smegma, being uncircumcised, poor hygiene, phimosis, and human papillomavirus infection

A

Penile cancer

108
Q

Cancer of the prostate. It is the most common cancer among men. The slow-growing tumor is often confined to the prostate, improving the prognosis

A

Prostate cancer

109
Q

Cancer of the testicles. Can occur as a slow-growing or fast-growing tumor. Risk for developing is thought to be increased by family history, infection, trauma, and cryptorchidism. Usually affects one testicle but can affect both

A

Testicular cancer

110
Q

Cancer of the breast; the most common malignancy in women, and the second leading cause of cancer death in women

A

Breast cancer

111
Q

Cancer of the cervix. The Pap smear can detect precancerous changes. Procedures can be performed to remove these precancerous cells, limiting the likelihood of these changes progressing to permanent malignant changes

A

Cervical cancer

112
Q

Cancer of the inner lining of the uterus; a common malignancy in women

A

Endometrial cancer

113
Q

Cancer of the ovaries. There is no reliable screening test, it is difficult to treat, and it often has metastasized at the time of diagnosis. However, advances in treatment are improving the survival rates

A

Ovarian cancer

114
Q

In which stage of embryonic development do the sex chromosomes determine the sex?

A

Fertilization

115
Q

In which stages of embryonic development do the tissues from which the male and female reproductive organs develop are undifferentiated?

A

Early stages

116
Q

In which stage of embryonic development do two wolffian ducts determine male genitalia and two mullerian ducts determine female genitalia?

A

By the seventh week

117
Q

This stage of embryonic development is characterized by:
- The testes begin development under the influence of the Y chromosome
- The testicular cells of the male embryo begin producing an anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) and testosterone
- AMH suppress development of uterus and fallopian tubes in the males; stimulates development of male structures

A

Sixth to eighth week of gestation

118
Q

What are the components of the male genitourinary system?

A
  • Paired gonads or testes
  • Genital ducts
  • Accessory organs
  • Penis
119
Q

These produce male sex androgens (mainly testosterone) and spermatozoa (male germ cells)

A

Testes

120
Q

These produce the fluid constituents of semen and have a ductile system that aids in the storage and transportation of spermatozoa

A

Internal accessory organs

121
Q

This performs urine elimination and sexual function

A

Penis

122
Q

What are the male accessory organs?

A
  • Seminal vesicles
  • Prostate gland
  • Bulbourethral gland
123
Q

Three masses of erectile tissue held together by fibrous strands and covered with a thin layer of skin

  • Corpora cavernosa: two lateral masses of tissue
  • Corpus spongiosum: third ventral mass
  • Both are cavernous sinuses that normally are relatively empty but become engaged with blood during penile erection
A

Composition of the penis

124
Q
  • The generation of spermatozoa or sperm
  • Begins at an average age or 13 years and continues throughout the reproductive years of a man’s life
  • Occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes
  • FSH binds to specific receptors in Sertoli cells
  • Testosterone is required (the intratesticular concentration of testosterone is 100-fold greater than serum level)
A

Spermatogenesis

125
Q

What are the male sex hormones (androgens)?

A
  • Testosterone
  • Dihydrotestosterone
  • Androstenedione
126
Q
  • Induce differentiation of the male genital tract during fetal development
  • Induce development of primary and secondary sex characteristics
  • Create anabolic effects
  • Promote spermatogenesis and maturation of sperm
A

Main actions of testosterone

127
Q

Characterized by:
- Androgen deficiency

Clinical features vary whether spermatogenesis or testosterone secretion is altered
- Fatigue
- Depression
- Decreased libido

Primary (testicular failure)
Secondary (failure to stimulate testes via gonadotropins)
Tertiary (Lack of stimulus to secrete gonadotropins)

A

Hypogonadism

128
Q

This involves the shunting of blood into the corpus cavernosum

Controlled by:
- Sympathetic system
- Parasympathetic system
- Nonsympathetic- nonparasympathetic systems

A

Erection

129
Q

This is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system

  • Spinal cord reflexes
  • L1 and L2
  • Emission causes the sperm to move from the epididymis to the urethra
  • Efferent impulses from the spinal cord produce contraction of smooth muscle in the vas deferens and ampulla
A

Emission/Ejaculation

130
Q

Which system diseases affect potency?

A
  • Cardiovascular
  • Respiratory
  • Hormonal
  • Neurologic and hematologic
131
Q

The termination of the urethra is on the ventral surface of the penis

Categorized as glandular (involving the glans penis), penile, or perineoscrotal

A

Hypospadias

132
Q

The opening of the urethra is on the dorsal surface of the penis

A

Epispadias

133
Q

One or both testes do not descend from the abdomen to the scrotum

  • 3% incidence at term, 30% incidence pre-term
  • 80% will descend by 3 months of age
  • Increased risk of testicular cancer
A

Cryptorchidism

134
Q

This type of cryptorchidism is characterized by the testicle moving between the abdomen and scrotum

A

Retractile testicle

135
Q

This type of cryptorchidism is characterized by the testicle moving back into the abdomen after descending - acquired

A

Ascending testicle

136
Q

The inability to achieve and maintain an erection sufficient to permit satisfactory sexual intercourse

Psychogenic causes:
- Performance anxiety
- A strained relationship with a sexual partner
- Depression
- Overt psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia

Organic causes:
- Neurogenic
- Hormonal
- Vascular
- Drug-induced
- Penile-related etiologies

A

Erectile dysfunction

137
Q

Non-sexual, prolonged erection lasting more than 4 hours

Effects 5-10 year olds, 20-50 year olds

Causes:
- Sickle cell anemia (sickle cells clotting)
- Medications (phosphodiesterase inhibitors): erectile dysfunction medications are most common
- Leukemia
- Trauma
- Tumors
- Diabetes
- Spinal cord injuries
- Drug use

A

Priapism

138
Q

Treatment of a priapism that lasts 0-2 hours

A

Home; encourage patient to urinate, increase fluid intake, exercise, and take oral analgesics

139
Q

Treatment of a priapism that lasts 2-4 hours

A

Emergency department: IV hydration and IV analgesics; may also give anxiolytics (lorazepam, midazolam, or hydroxyzine) or oxygen if needed

140
Q

Treatment of a priapism that lasts 4-12 hours

A

Intracavernosal aspiration of blood and instillation of phenylephrine or epinephrine with local anesthesia; repeat as needed.

Continue IV hydration, analgesics, anxiolytics, and oxygen

141
Q

Treatment of a priapism that lasts more than 12 hours

A

Surgical consult for shunt placement

142
Q

Tightening of the foreskin that prevents it from retracting over the glans

A

Phimosis

143
Q

Foreskin tight under the glans and will not cover

A

Paraphimosis

144
Q

Accumulation of fluid along outside layer of testes

A

Hydrocele

145
Q

Sperm-containing cyst between testis and epididymis

A

Spermatocele

146
Q

Dilated vein in spermatic cord

When palpated, feels like bag of worms

A

Varicocele

147
Q

Considered a reproductive emergency
Occurs when the testis twist, compressing blood vessels and spermatic cord

Etiology: trauma, exercise, sudden movement

Manifestations: Severe pain, nausea, hematospermia, testicular mass

Diagnosis: absent Cremasteric Reflex (scrotum contraction), doppler, US

Treatment: Resolve (spontaneous or surgically) within 6 hours

A

Testicular Torsion

148
Q

Inflammation of the prostate caused by bacteria, sperm, trauma, stress, or catheterization

A

Prostatitis

149
Q

Inflammation of the epididymis

Caused by STIs in younger people
Caused by UTI bacteria in older people

A

Epididymitis

150
Q

Candidia infection of the glans (yeast)

A

Balanitis

151
Q

Necrotizing fasciitis of the soft tissue of male genitalia

  • Rare, bacterial infection
  • Trauma often leads to vector for bacteria
  • DM increases risk
A

Fournier’s Gangrene

152
Q

Acute infection of the prostate that results in pelvic pain and urinary tract symptoms (10% of all prostatitis cases)

Symptoms include dysuria, urinary frequency, urinary retention, and systemic infection syndrome (fever, chills, N/V, malaise)

Tx: antibiotics, bed rest, hydration, anti-pyretics, analgesics, stool softeners

A

Acute Bacterial Prostatitis

153
Q

5% of patients will transition from acute to this

Symptoms include UTI-like symptoms without systemic infection symptoms

Treatment is difficult; diagnosed through urinalysis and prostatic fluid specimen (+ leukocytes)

A

Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis

154
Q

Prostate enlarged but not cancerous

Risk factors: age, most common diseases of aging men (75% of men 80 or older will have), family history, diabetes, obesity

Diagnosis: symptoms, digital rectal exam, (PSA) Prostate-specific antigen blood test (also used to screen for prostate cancer), urinalysis

A

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)

155
Q

What are the internal female reproductive organs?

A
  • Vagina
  • Uterus and cervix
  • Fallopian tubes
  • Ovaries
156
Q

The portion of the uterus about the insertion of the fallopian tubes

A

Fundus

157
Q

The lower, constricted part of the uterus

A

Cervix

158
Q

The portion of the uterus between the fundus and the cervix

A

Body of the cervix

159
Q

Outer serous covering of the uterus; merges with the peritoneum that covers the broad ligaments

A

Perimetrium

160
Q

The middle muscle layer that forms the major portion of the uterine tissue

A

Myometrium

161
Q

This layer of the uterus is continuous with the lining of the fallopian tubes and vagina; made up of a basal and a superficial layer

A

Endometrium

162
Q
  • Begins at menarche and continues until menopause
  • Includes the maturation and release of oocytes from the ovary during ovulation
  • Involves periodic vaginal bleeding resulting from the shedding of the endometrial lining
A

Menstrual cycle

163
Q
  • Rhythmic synthesis and release of ovarian hormones (estrogen and progesterone)

Under feedback control from:
- the hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone
- the anterior pituitary gonadotropic follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones

A

Control of the menstrual cycle

164
Q
  • Promote growth of ovarian follicles
  • Alter cervical secretions to favor sperm
  • Promote motility of sperm
  • Promote development of endometrial lining in pregnancy
  • Proliferate and cornify vaginal mucosa
  • Increase mucus consistency
  • Stimulate stromal development and ductal growth
A

Actions of Estrogen on the Reproductive Process

165
Q

What are the general metabolic effects of estrogen?

A
  • Decreases rate of bone resorption
  • Increases production of thyroid and other binding globulins
  • Increases high-density and slightly decrease low-density lipoproteins
166
Q

Characterized by:
- Vaginal dryness
- Urinary stress incontinence
- Urgency
- Nocturia
- Vaginitis
- UTI
- Diminished levels of estrogen (subcutaneous fat decrease, skin elasticity, body hair)
- Vasomotor instability (hot flashes)
- Osteoporosis
- Cardiovascular disease

A

Menopause and Urogenital Atrophy

167
Q

What is the composition of the breast?

A
  • Fat
  • Fibrous connective tissue
  • Glandular tissue
168
Q

What is the function of the breast?

A
  • Route of descent of milk and breast secretions
    - From alveoli to duct
    - To intralobar duct
    - To lactiferous duct and reservoir
    - To nipple
169
Q

What are the factors that affect variations in breast shape?

A
  • Hormonal
  • Genetic
  • Nutritional
  • Endocrine
  • Muscle tone
  • Age
  • Pregnancy
170
Q
  • Mutilation of female genitalia where some portions of external genitalia are removed
  • Practiced in some cultures in some areas of Africa
A

Female Genital Mutilation

171
Q

Absence of menstruation

A

Amenorrhea

172
Q

Scanty menstruation

A

Hypomenorrhea

173
Q

Infrequent menstruation

A

Oligomenorrhea (term not often used now)

174
Q

Frequent menstruation

A

Polymenorrhea

175
Q

Excessive menstruation

A

Menorrhagia (term not often used now)

176
Q

Bleeding between periods

A

Metrorrhagia

177
Q

Heavy bleeding during and between menstrual periods

A

Menometrorrhagia

178
Q

Painful menses

A

Dysmenorrhea

179
Q

Too much, too often, irregular bleeding (ex. bleeding post menopause)

A

Abnormal Uterine Bleeding

180
Q

This gland can have a fluid backup due to a blocked duct causing a cyst - a word catheter is used to allow drainage

A

Bartholin gland cyst

181
Q

This type of vaginal wall prolapse is characterized by the bladder protruding into the anterior wall of the vagina

A

Cystocele

182
Q

This type of vaginal wall prolapse occurs when the urethra is involved

A

Urethrocele

183
Q

This type of vaginal wall prolapse is characterized by the rectum protruding through the posterior wall of the vagina

A

Rectocele

184
Q

This occurs when the pelvic floor muscles and ligaments stretch an weaken, providing inadequate support for the uterus. The uterus then descends into the vaginal canal

A

Uterine prolapse

185
Q

Endometrium begins growing in areas outside the uterus

  • This tissue acts as it normally does (thickening, breaking down, bleeding)
  • Blood becomes trapped and irritates the surrounding tissues
  • Most commonly in fallopian tubes, ovaries, and peritoneum

Manifestations: Pain, cysts, scarring and adhesions, infertility

Treatment: Analgesics, hormone therapy, surgical repair

A

Endometriosis

186
Q

Growth on uterine wall consisting of smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, other material

Etiology: Unknown - could possibly be genetic, hormone levels, micronutrients, major stressors

Manifestations: dysmenorrhea, AUB, pain in pelvis/low back/legs, abdominal distension, urinary frequency and retention, dyspareunia

A

Leiomyomas (Uterine fibroids)

187
Q

Fluid filled growth on ovary (simple forms of these are often part of the ovarian cycle and cause little concern)

A

Ovarian cysts

188
Q

Multiple cysts (metabolic pathology)

  • Associated with hormone and endocrine abnormalities
  • May be associated with obesity, infertility metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disorders, cancer, fatty liver disease

Manifestations:
- AUB
- Amenorrhea
- Symptoms of androgen excess

Treatment:
- Hormone treatment
- Managing endocrine and other associated symptoms
- Surgery
- Weight control

A

Polycystic ovarian syndrome

189
Q

An inflammation of the upper reproductive tract that involves:
- the uterus (endometritis)
- the fallopian tubes (salpingitis)
-the ovaries (oophoritis)

A polymicrobial infection; cause varies by geographic location and population

Diagnosis is difficult because of the wide variation and non-specific nature of symptoms and signs

Many women have subtle or mild symptoms and a diagnosis is usually based on clinical findings - delay in diagnosis and treatment can contribute to inflammatory sequelae in the upper reproductive tract

A

PID

190
Q

What are the factors predisposing women to the development of PID?

A
  • An age of 16 to 24 years
  • Unmarried status
  • Nulliparity
  • History of multiple sexual partners
  • Previous history of PID
191
Q

What are the factors predisposing women to the development of an ectopic pregnancy?

A
  • PID
  • Therapeutic abortion
  • Tubal ligation or tubal reversal
  • Previous ectopic pregnancy
  • Intrauterine exposure to DES (an estrogen)
  • Infertility
  • Use of fertility drugs to induce ovulation
192
Q

Secretion of breast milk in nonlactating breast

A

Galactorrhea

193
Q

Infection or Inflammation of the breast tissue

Keep breastfeeding if tolerable - or encourage pumping

Treatment: antibiotics

Supportive care: heat/cold application, supportive bra, adequate milk expression

A

Mastitis

194
Q

Grayish-green nipple discharge

A

Ductal disorder

195
Q

Firm, rubbery, sharply defined round mass

A

Fibroadenoma

196
Q

Nodular granular breast mass

A

Fibrocystic

197
Q

Mass, puckering, nipple retraction or unusual discharge - originates in glandular breast cells of ducts or lobules

Initially tumor moves freely; more advanced becomes fixed

Most common malignancy in women, 2nd leading cause of cancer death in women

Risk factors: genetics, advancing age, early menarche, obesity, excessive alcohol consumption, physical inactivity

Treatment: early detection (mammograms, self exams), lumpectomy, chemo, radiation

A

Breast cancer

198
Q

Inability to conceive a child after 1 year of unprotected intercourse

Assistive technologies: in vitro fertilization, gamete donors, gamete/zygote intrafallopian transfer

A

Infertility

199
Q

What are the causes of infertility?

A
  • One third of cases can be attributed to male factors
  • One third of cases can be attributed to female factors
  • One third of cases are caused by a combination of factors in both partners

Pathophysiology Part 4 (3 decks)

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