Integumentary Function Flashcards by Bethany Koehle

The innermost layer of the skin. It is composed of soft, fatty tissue as well as blood vessels, nerves, and immune cells. Also called subcutaneous tissue

Hypodermis

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The middle layer of the skin, which is composed of dense, irregular connective tissue and little fat tissue. Includes nerves, hair follicles, smooth muscle, glands, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels

Dermis

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The outermost layer of the skin, which is composed of squamous epithelia

Epidermis

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A protein that strengthens skin

Keratin

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A pigment that provides color to the skin as well as protection from ultraviolet rays. Disorders involving this result in alterations in skin coloring and can leave the skin vulnerable to the harmful effects of UV light. Disorders include albinism and vitiligo

Melanin

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A gland that produces sebum

Sebaceous gland

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Secretion of the sebaceous gland that moisturizes and protects the skin

Sebum

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Gland that secretes sweat through skin pores in response to the sympathetic nervous system. Also called merocrine gland

Eccrine gland

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Gland that opens into hair follicles in the axillae, scalp, face, and external genitalia

Apocrine gland

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A skin anomaly that is present at birth or shortly after

Birthmark

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Birthmark that consists of blood vessels that have not formed correctly; therefore, there birthmarks are generally red

Vascular birthmark

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The most common type of vascular birthmark. These faint red marks often occur on the forehead, eyelids, posterior neck, nose, upper lip, or posterior head. Also called salmon patch, angel kiss, and stork bite

Macular stain

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A vascular birthmark that appears as a bright red patch or a nodule of extra blood vessels in the skin. Also called a strawberry

Hemangioma

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Vascular birthmark that looks like wine was spilled on an area of the body. These birthmarks most often occur on the face, neck, arms, and legs

Port-wine stain

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A birthmark made of a cluster of pigment cells, which cause color in skin. These birthmarks can be many different colors, from tan to brown, gray to black, or even blue

Pigmented birthmark

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Common type of birthmark that is the color of coffee with milk

Cafe au lait spot

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Type of birthmark that is a flat bluish-gray area often found on the lower back or buttocks. These birthmarks are most common on individuals with darker complexions

Mongolian spot

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A brown nevus. Can be tan, brown, or black; can be flat or raised; and may have hair growth

Mole

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A recessive condition that results in little or no melanin production

Albinism

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A rare condition characterized by small patchy areas of hypopigmentation. Occurs when the cells that produce melanin die or no longer form melanin, leading to slowly enlarging white patches of irregular shapes on the skin

Vitiligo

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A large pigmented spot that may appear in a sun-exposed area. Also called age spot or liver spot

Lentigo

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A benign soft brown or flesh-colored growth, usually on the neck

Skin tag

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An acute inflammatory reaction triggered by direct exposure to an irritant or allergen-producing substance

Contact dermatitis

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A chronic inflammatory skin condition triggered by an allergen

Atopic dermatitis (eczema)

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Raised erythematous skin lesions that are a result of a type I hypersensitivity reaction. Also called hives

Urticaria

A raised erythematous skin lesion

Welt

A common chronic inflammatory condition that affects the life cycle of the skin cells

Psoriasis

A small, red elevated area of the skin

Papule

Infections involving the hair follicles. Characterized by tender, swollen areas that form around hair follicles, often on the neck, breasts, buttocks, and face

Folliculitis

An infection that begins in the hair follicles and then spreads into the surrounding dermis. The lesion starts as a firm, red, painful nodule that develops into a large painful mass, which frequently drains large amounts of purulent exudate. Also called boil

Furuncle

A cluster of boils (or furuncles)

Carbuncle

A common and highly contagious skin infection. Although it can occur without an apparent break, it typically arises from a breach in the skin. It spreads easily to others by direct contact with skin or contaminated objects. Lesions usually begin as a small vesicle that enlarges and ruptures, forming a characteristic honey-colored crust

Impetigo

An infection deep in the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. Usually results from a direct invasion through a breach in the skin, especially those breaches where contamination is likely.

Cellulitis

A rare, serious infection that can aggressively destroy skin, fat, muscle, and other tissue. One out of four people with this infection will die because of it. Also called flesh-eating bacteria

Necrotizing fasciitis

A viral infection typically affecting the lips, mouth, and face. This common infection usually begins in childhood. Also called cold sore

Herpes simplex type 1

A viral infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus. The condition appears in adulthood years after a primary infection of varicella (chickenpox) in childhood. The virus lies dormant on a cranial nerve or a spinal nerve dermatome until it becomes activated years later; it affects this nerve only. Also called shingles

Herpes zoster

A viral infection caused by any of a number of the human papillomaviruses. Can develop at any age and often resolve spontaneously. They can be transmitted through direct skin contact between people or within the same person. Also called plantar wart

Verruca

A poxvirus infection that is characterized by clusters of pink, cone-shaped, smooth, waxy, or pearly papules 2 to 5 mm in diameter.

Molluscum contagiosum

A parasite that causes several types of superficial infections, which are described by the area of the body affected. (Tinea corporis, or ringworm, is an infection of the body. Tinea pedis, or athlete's foot, involves the feet, especially the toes. Tinea unguium is an infection of the nails, typically the toenails).

Tinea

A result of a mite infection. The female mites burrow into the epidermis, laying eggs over a period of several weeks. The larvae hatch from the eggs and then migrate to the skin's surface. The larvae burrow into the skin in search of nutrients and mature to repeat the cycle. The burrowing and fecal matter left by the mites trigger the inflammatory process, leading to erythema and pruritus

Scabies

A lice infestation that can take three forms - Pediculus humanus corpus (body louse), Pediculus pubic (public louse), and Pediculus humanus capitis (head louse). Lice are small, brown, parasitic insects that feed off human blood and cannot survive for long without the human host

Pediculosis

A skin injury that can result from a thermal or a nonthermal source. These sources may include dry heat, wet heat, radiation, friction, heated objects, natural or artificial ultraviolet light, electricity, and chemicals

Burn

A skin condition that commonly affects adolescents but can occur at any age. In this condition, the skin's pores become clogged with oil, debris, or bacteria. The pore can become inflamed, developing a pustule, nodule, or cyst

Acne vulgaris

A chronic inflammatory skin condition that typically affects the face. It is poorly understood, but it is prevalent in persons who are fair skinned, persons who bruise easily, and women. It may present as erythema, prominent spiderlike blood vessels (telangiectasia), swelling, and acnelike eruptions

Rosacea

An abnormal growth of skin cells

Skin cancer

What are the types of absence of melanin production?

- Vitiligo: isolated - Albinism: complete lack of melanin

Darker spots of pigmentation on skin, usually on face, that are related to hormone changes Can change in size, color

Melasma

Temporary eruptions of the skin Causes: childhood diseases, heat, diaper irritation, or drug-induced reactions

Rashes

A traumatic or pathologic loss of normal tissue continuity, structure, or function

Lesion

Pruritis

Itching

Pustule

Filled with pus

Nevi

Moles

Red and flat

Macule

What are the types of rashes?

- Blanched (white) - Erythematous (reddened) - Hemorrhagic or purpuric (containing blood) - Pigmented

Primary bacterial infections that are superficial

- impetigo: appears as a small vesicle or pustule or as a large bulla on the face or elsewhere - ecthyma: ulcerative form of impetigo

Secondary bacterial infections that are deep cutaneous

- Infected ulcer - Cellulitis: deep skin infection

Chickenpox virus lays dormant in the spinal nerve root After years or decades it may emerge, affecting only unilateral dermatome area Manifested by painful, burning rash Post-herpatic neuralgia: intense pain that continues after rash is gone

Herpes Zoster (Shingles)

Contact and airborne virus Worldwide remains a leading cause of mortality among children under 5 Incubation 6-21 days Contagious from 5 days before rash through 4 days afterward

Measles

What are the different manifestation of the measles?

- Prodrome (2-4 days) Fever, malaise, anorexia, followed by conjunctivitis, coryza, and cough - Enanthem 48 hours prior to Exanthem Koplik spots (1-3mm whitish grayish or bluish elevations with erythematous base to mouth mucus membranes - Exanthem 2-4 days after fever Erythematous, maculopapular, blanching rash

What are the complications of the measles?

- Diarrhea - Respiratory tract complications (pneumonia is the most common cause of death) - Encephalitis - Otitis Media

Virus transmitted via inhaled pathogens Considered eliminated in Americas and most developed countries - outbreaks do still occur Manifests as a generalized maculopapular rash Infants born with this may have sensorineural hearing loss, intellectual disability, congenital heart defects and ocular defects

Rubella (German measles)

A chronic inflammatory disease of the skin - begins as blushing Four subtypes: - Erythematotelangiectatic - Papulopustular - Phymatous - Ocular Women are 3 to 4 times more likely to develop Men have more severe signs and symptoms

Rosacea

Skin cells grow at an accelerated rate - increased growth causes build ups and forms patches Cause of development is not fully known, but is thought to be a combination of one's genes and their immune system Five types: - Plaque - Guttate - Inverse - Pustular - Erythrodermic Error in the immune system causing the T-cells to attack the skin cells, then creating more skin cells, causing the process to continue

Psoriasis

Type of dermatitis that results from a cell-mediated, type IV hypersensitivity response

Allergic contact dermatitis

Type of dermatitis that is caused by chemicals that irritate the skin

Irritant contact dermatitis

Inflammatory skin disorder that is characterized by poorly defined erythema, edema, vesicles, and weeping at the acute stage Lichenification in the chronic stage

Atopic dermatitis (Eczema)

What are the different types of arthropod infestations?

- Scabies - Pediculosis: head lice - Ticks (Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Lyme disease)

This type of burn is characterized by pain, no edema, redness, and blanches with pressure

Superficial

This type of burn's characteristics include blisters, moist, and pain

Partial thickness

This type of burn is characterized by being dry, discolored, and no pain

Full thickness

Ischemic lesions of the skin and underlying structures caused by unrelieved pressure Four factors contribute to its development: - Pressure - Shear forces - Friction - Moisture

Pressure ulcers (bedsores)

Prevention of Pressure Ulcers:

1. Identifying at-risk persons who need preventative measures and the specific factors placing them at risk 2. Maintaining and improving tissue tolerance to prevent injury 3. Protecting against the adverse effects of external mechanical forces (pressure, friction, and shear) 4. Reducing the incidence of pressure ulcers through educational programs

Staging of Pressure Ulcers:

- Stage 1: reddened, not open - Stage 2: open, dermal layer only - Stage 3: full thickness tissue loss, adipose tissue visible, not muscle or bone - Stage 4: full tissue loss with exposed bone, muscle or tendon - Unstageable: unable to assess due to necrotic or eschar tissue in wound