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Pathophysiology Part 4 > Musculoskeletal Function > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal Function Flashcards

1
Q

A specialized form of connective tissue. This living, metabolically active tissue is the site of fat and mineral storage (especially calcium) as well as hematopoiesis.

A

Bone

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2
Q

Forms the long axis of the body and includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.

A

Axial skeleton

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3
Q

Consists of the bones that form the arms, shoulders, pelvis, and legs.

A

Appendicular skeleton

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4
Q

Bone that has a body that is longer than it is wide, growth plates at either end, a hard outer surface, and an inner region that is less dense than the outer region and contains bone marrow.

A

Long bone

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5
Q

The body of a bone

A

Diaphysis

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6
Q

The growth plate at either end of a bone

A

Epiphysis

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7
Q

The hard outer surface of a bone

A

Compact bone

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8
Q

The inner region of a bone, which is less dense than the outer region

A

Spongy bone

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9
Q

Bones that are approximately as wide as they are long, and their primary function is to provide support and stability with little movement. Contain only a thin layer of compact bone, along with spongy bone and relatively large amounts of bone marrow.

A

Short bone

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10
Q

Strong, flat plate of bone that protects the body’s vital organs and provides a base for muscular attachment. The anterior and posterior surfaces of flat bones are formed from compact bone to provide strength. and the center consists of spongy bone and varying amounts of bone marrow.

A

Flat bone

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11
Q

Bones that do not fall into any other category due to their nonuniform shape. They primarily consist of spongy bone, with a thin outer layer of compact bone.

A

Irregular bone

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12
Q

Bones that are usually short or irregular bones embedded in a tendon. They are typically present in a tendon where it passes over a joint and serve to protect the tendon

A

Sesamoid bone

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13
Q

A layer of connective tissue that covers compact bone surfaces. It serves as the site of muscle attachment (via tendions)

A

Periosteum

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14
Q

Cell on the outer surface of the periosteum that aids in remodeling and repair by rebuilding new compact bone to increase bone strength

A

Osteoblast

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15
Q

Soft fatty tissue found inside bones

A

Bone marrow

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16
Q

Bone marrow that serves as the blood-cell factory (hematopoiesis). As humans age, this is slowly replaced by fat

A

Red marrow

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17
Q

Bone marrow that begins to form during adolescence and is present in most bones by adulthood. Can be reactivated to produce blood cells under certain circumstances.

A

Yellow marrow

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18
Q

A cell that breaks down some spongy bone

A

Osteoclast

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19
Q

Osteoblast that has become surrounded by calcified extracellular material

A

Osteocyte

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20
Q

A thin layer of osteocytes

A

Lamella

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21
Q

Extracellular material in which osteocytes are embedded. Consists of calcium phosphate crystals that make the bones hard and strong. It also contains collagen fibers that reinforce the bone, giving it flexible strength

A

Matrix

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22
Q

The type of cartilage most associated with bone, often found in joints.

A

Hyaline cartilage

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23
Q

A freely moveable joint; it is most common type of joint. Contain cartilage that is lubricated by a transparent viscous fluid secreted by the synovial membrane

A

Synovial joint

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24
Q

A transparent viscous fluid secreted by the synovial membrane that lubricates cartilage in the synovial joints

A

Synovial fluid

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25
Q

The saclike envelope enclosing the cavity of a synovial joint

A

Joint capsule

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26
Q

A slightly moveable joint that can be seen in the vertebral column

A

Amphiarthrosis

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27
Q

An immovable joint

A

Synarthrosis

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28
Q

An immovable joint in the skull

A

Suture

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29
Q

Muscle that connects to bone. The most frequently occuring muscle type, it makes up approximately 40% of the body’s weight

A

Skeletal muscle

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30
Q

Type of muscle that lines the walls of hollow organs and tubes and is found in the eyes, skin, and glands. Involuntary

A

Smooth muscle

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31
Q

Type of muscle that constitutes the heart and is under involuntary control

A

Cardiac muscle

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32
Q

Specialized tough cord or band of dense connective tissue that is a continuous extension of the periosteum

A

Tendon

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33
Q

Muscle cell that is a cylinder with multiple nuclei

A

Muscle fiber

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34
Q

A threadlike structure that extends the entire length of the muscle fiber

A

Myofibril

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35
Q

Protein fibers found in muscle fibers

A

Myofilament

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36
Q

One of two types of myofilaments. It is involved in muscular contractions, cellular movement, and cell shape maintenance.

A

Actin

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37
Q

One of the two types of myofilaments - the darker and thicker of the two types. Are fibrous globulins that work with actin to form actomyosin

A

Myosin

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38
Q

Repeated structural unit into which myofilaments are organized

A

Sarcomere

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39
Q

Fibrous connective tissue that surrounds muscles. It may also surround muscle groups

A

Fascia

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40
Q

An increase in the curvature of the thoracic spine outward. Also called hunchback

A

Kyphosis

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41
Q

An exaggerated concave of the lumbar spine. Also called swayback

A

Lordosis

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42
Q

A lateral deviation of the spine. This lateral curvature may affect the thoracic or lumbar area or both. May also include a rotation of the vertebrae on their axis

A

Scoliosis

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43
Q

A break in the rigid structure of the bone

A

Fracture

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44
Q

A fracture with a single break in the bone and bone ends that maintain their alignment and position

A

Simple fracture

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45
Q

A fracture straight across the bone shaft

A

Transverse fracture

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46
Q

A fracture at an angle to the bone shaft

A

Oblique fracture

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47
Q

A fracture that twists around the bone shaft

A

Spiral fracture

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48
Q

A fracture characterized by multiple fracture lines and bone pieces

A

Comminuted fracture

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49
Q

An incomplete fracture in which the bone is bent and only the outer curve of the bend is broken; commonly occurs in children because of minimal calcification and often heals quickly

A

Greenstick fracture

50
Q

A fracture in which the bone is crushed or collapses into small pieces

A

Compression fracture

51
Q

Type of fracture in which the bone is broken into two or more separate pieces

A

Complete fracture

52
Q

Type of fracture in which the bone is partially broken

A

Incomplete fracture

53
Q

Type of fracture in which the skin is broken. The bone fragments or edges may be angled and protrude out of the skin. Associated with more damage to soft tissue and carry a greater risk for infection. Also called compound fracture

A

Open fracture

54
Q

Type of fracture in which the skin is intact

A

Closed fracture

55
Q

Type of fracture in which one end of the bone is forced into the adjacent bone

A

Impacted fracture

56
Q

A type of fracture that results from a weakness in the bone structure secondary to conditions such as tumors or osteoporosis

A

Pathologic fracture

57
Q

Type of fracture that occurs from repeated excessive stress. Also called fatigue fracture

A

Stress fracture

58
Q

Type of fracture that occurs in the skull when the broken piece is forced inward on the brain

A

Depressed fracture

59
Q

A mass of cells and fibers that bridges broken bone ends together inside and outside

A

Callus

60
Q

A serious condition that results from pressure increases in a body compartment, usually the muscle fascia in the case of fractures. The pressure impinges on the nerves and blood vessels contained within the compartment, potentially compromising the distal extremity.

A

Compartment syndrome

61
Q

Condition that occurs when fatty marrow enters the bloodstream after a fracture to one of the long bones. The emboli can travel to vital organs such as the lungs, brain, or heart

A

Fat embolism

62
Q

An infection of the long bone

A

Osteomyelitis

63
Q

Death of bone tissue due to a loss of blood supply. Also called avascular necrosis

A

Osteonecrosis

64
Q

A grating sound

A

Crepitus

65
Q

A fracture treatment in which the broken bone fragments are brought together to promote healing. Can be accomplished by manual manipulation or surgery

A

Reduce

66
Q

The separation of two bones where they meet at a joint

A

Dislocation

67
Q

An injury to a ligament that often involves stretching or tearing of the ligament

A

Sprain

68
Q

An injury to a muscle or tendon that often involves stretching or tearing of the muscle or tendon

A

Strain

69
Q

A state in which the nucleus pulposus protrudes through the annulus fibrosus. Also called slipped disk and ruptured disk.

A

Herniated intervertebral disk

70
Q

A radiating, aching pain, sometimes with tingling and numbness, that starts in the buttock and extends down the back or side of one leg

A

Sciatica

71
Q

A condition characterized by a progressive loss of bone calcium that leaves the bones brittle

A

Osteoporosis

72
Q

Bone mass that is less than expected for age, ethnicity, or gender

A

Osteopenia

73
Q

A softening and weakening of bones in children, usually because of an extreme and prolonged vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate deficiency

A

Rickets

74
Q

A softening and weakening of bones in adults, usually because of an extreme and prolonged vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate deficiency

A

Osteomalacia

75
Q

A progressive condition characterized by abnormal bone destruction and remodeling, which results in bone deformities

A

Paget disease

76
Q

A localized joint disease characterized by deterioration of articulating cartilage and its underlying bone as well as bony overgrowth. The surface of the cartilage becomes rough and worn, interfering with joint movement. Also called wear-and-tear arthritis and degenerative joint disease

A

Osteoarthritis (OA)

77
Q

A systemic, autoimmune condition involving multiple joints. The inflammatory process primarily affects the synovial membrane, but it can also affect other organs

A

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

78
Q

Joint fixation and deformity

A

Ankylosis

79
Q

An inflammatory disease resulting from deposits of uric acid crystals in tissues and fluids within the body

A

Gout

80
Q

A large nodule consisting of uric acid crystals deposited in soft tissues, usually in cooler areas of the body

A

Tophus (plural: tophi)

81
Q

A progressive inflammatory disorder affecting the sacroiliac joints, intervertebral spaces, and costovertebral joints

A

Ankylosing spondylitis

82
Q

A group of inherited disorders characterized by degeneration of skeletal muscle. Muscles become weaker as damage worsens. There are nine different forms

A

Muscular dystrophy (MD)

83
Q

A syndrome predominantly characterized by widespread muscular pain and fatigue. Affects muscles, tendons, and surrounding tissue but not the joints

A

Fibromyalgia

84
Q

A type of benign tumor that consists of cartilage and bone

A

Osteochondroma

85
Q

An aggressive tumor that begins in the bone cells, usually in the femur, tibia, or fibula

A

Osteosarcoma

86
Q

As slow-growing tumor that begins in cartilage cells that are commonly found on the ends of bones

A

Chondrosarcoma

87
Q

An aggressive tumor for which the origin is unknown. It may begin in nerve tissue within the bone

A

Ewing sarcoma

88
Q

Simply webbing of the fingers or toes

A

Syndactyly

89
Q

The presence of an extra digit

A

Polydactyly

90
Q

Considered a mild limb deformity

A

The absence of a bone such as the phalanx, rib, or clavicle

91
Q

Considered a major limb malformation

A
  • Joint contractures and dislocations
  • Absence of entire bones, joints, or limbs
92
Q

Hereditary disease characterized by defective synthesis of type I collagen

Mutations in the COLIA1 and COLIA2 genes are responsible for more than 90% of all cases

Bones tend to shatter and break easily

Clinical manifestations:
- Bone pain
- A blue, purple, or gray tint of the sclera (whites of the eyes)
- Triangular shaped face
- Loss of hearing
- Brittle teeth
- Easy bruising

A

Osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone)

93
Q

Abnormality in hip development that leads to a wide spectrum of hip problems in infants and children

Look for asymmetrical fat folds in the thighs of babies

Can often treat with a sling to overcorrect and allow hips to grow evenly

A

Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH)

94
Q

Congenital deformity of the foot that can affect one or both feet

Feet grow inward

Treat with stretching and casting

A

Clubfoot or talipes

95
Q

Increased curvature of the thoracic spine
Acquired - sometimes appears during adolescent

Often in more elderly secondary to osteoporosis, DDD, or injury

May interfere with ventilation

A

Kyphosis

96
Q

Exaggerated curvature of the lumbar spine

Develops during adolescence, due to poor posture, during pregnancy, and during obesity

A

Lordosis

97
Q

Sideways curvature of the spine

Occurs most often during the growth spurt before puberty

Can be double (S) or single curve (C)

Most cases are mild

Severe cases can be disabling

Complications include:
- Body is not able to perform at its full potential
- Impaired proprioception
- Reduced space in the chest makes it harder for the lungs and heart to function
- Chronic back pain

A

Scoliosis

98
Q

Type of fracture that occurs when a piece of the bone is pulled away by the tendon

A

Avulsion fracture

99
Q
  • Injury to compartment causes pressure build up beneath fascia
  • Most common: anterior compartment of calf, arms, hands, feet, and thighs
  • Signs and symptoms: pain, paresthesia, muscle tightness, numbness, visible muscle bulge, difficulty moving limb
  • Treatment includes an emergency fasciotomy
  • Complications: may result in need for amputation
A

Acute Compartment Syndrome

100
Q

What are the three objectives for treatment of fractures?

A
  • Reduction of the fracture (align/keep in place) - closed manipulation or surgical reduction (ORIF)
  • Immobilization - Through the use of external devices
  • Preservation and restoration of the function - therapy
101
Q

When blood pools in an area

A

Ecchymosis

102
Q

What is the healing process for sprains or strains?

A
  • Granulation tissue develops along with inflammation
  • Collagen links along the granular tissue
  • Fibrous tissue binds them together
103
Q

Collapsing as a result of pressure or degeneration of the spinal bones

A

Compression fracture

104
Q

Result from degeneration of the spine or trauma

A

Wedge fracture

105
Q

When a disc/bone in your spine is extremely compressed, becoming crushed, spreading fragments throughout the spine

A

Burst fracture

106
Q

What delays wound healing?

A
  • Patient’s age
  • Current medications
  • Debilitating diseases
  • Local stress around the fracture site
  • Circulatory problems
  • Coagulation disorders
  • Poor nutrition
107
Q

Occurs when the inner nucleus pulposus protrudes through a tear in the outer annulus fibrosus

A

Herniated Intervertebral Disk

108
Q

“Porous bone”

Genetic, low bone mass increases risk

Symptoms: may be asymptomatic, back pain, gradual loss of height, stooped posture, easily fractured bones

Treatment: Bisphosphonates to increase production of new bone

A

Osteoporosis

109
Q
  • Softening and weakening of bones due to lack of minerals in bone (generally related to vitamin D deficiency)

Manifestations: deformities, fractures, delayed growth, dental problems, bone pain, muscle cramps/weakness, waddling gait

A

Rickets (children)
Osteomalacia (Adults)

110
Q

Abnormal bone destruction and remodeling (happens quickly and incorrectly, bone size may increase, but strength decreases as there is an increase in fibrous tissue being laid down, bones become fragile and misshapen)

Virus causes increased osteoclast activity or genetic defects that produce increase in interferon-6

Manifestations: insidious onset, bone pain, skeletal deformities, fractures, headache, hearing and vision loss, reduced height, warmth over affected bone, hypercalcemia

A

Paget Disease of the Bone

111
Q

Also known as degenerative joint disease (DJD)

Deterioration of articulating cartilage and its underlying bone as well as bony overgrowth at localized joints

A

Osteoarthritis

112
Q
  • Associated with extra-articular as well as articular manifestations
  • Usually has an insidious onset marked by systemic manifestations such as fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, and generalized aching and stiffness
  • Characterized by exacerbations and remissions
  • May involve only a few joints for brief durations, or it may become relentlessly progressive and debilitating
A

Characteristics of Rheumatoid Arthritis

113
Q

What are the treatment goals for a person with RA?

A
  • Reduce pain
  • Minimize stiffness and swelling
  • Maintain mobility
  • Become an informed healthcare consumer
114
Q

A chronic disease characterized by synovitis

Can influence epiphyseal growth by stimulating growth of the affected side
Generalized stunted growth also may occur

A

Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis

115
Q
  • Acute gouty arthritis with recurrent attacks of severe articular and periarticular inflammation
  • Tophi or the accumulation of crystalline deposits in articular surfaces, bone, soft tissue, and cartilage
  • Gouty nephropathy or renal impairment
  • Uric acid kidney stones
A

Gout Syndrome

116
Q

What are the treatment goals for gout?

A
  • Termination and prevention of the acute attacks of gouty arthritis
  • Correction of hyperuricemia
  • Inhibition of further precipitation of sodium urate
  • Absorption of urate crystal deposits already in the tissues
117
Q

Inherited, non-inflammatory degeneration of skeletal muscle

  • X-linked: more common in males, females can be carriers
  • 9 types: all have their own pattern of inheritance
  • Duchenne and Becker’s are most common

Manifestations:
- Muscle weakness
- Delayed development of muscle skills
- Poor coordination
- Difficulty using muscle groups
- Delayed walking
- Loss of joint mobility
- Gower’s sign when standing

A weak diaphragm can lead to respiratory failure, dilated cardiomyopathy and arrhythmias

A

Muscular Dystrophy

118
Q

Abnormality of muscle protein

A

Dystrophin

119
Q

Widespread muscle pain and fatigue
Cause is uncertain, but may be related to neural inputs
No inflammation or degeneration

A

Fibromyalgia

120
Q

What are the characteristics of benign bone tumors? Types?

A
  • Limited to the confines of the bone
  • Well-demarcated edges
  • Surrounded by a thin rim of sclerotic bone
  • Osteoma
  • Chondroma
  • Osteochondroma
  • Giant cell tumor

Pathophysiology Part 4 (3 decks)

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