Musculoskeletal Function Flashcards
1
Q
A specialized form of connective tissue. This living, metabolically active tissue is the site of fat and mineral storage (especially calcium) as well as hematopoiesis.
A
Bone
2
Q
Forms the long axis of the body and includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.
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Axial skeleton
3
Q
Consists of the bones that form the arms, shoulders, pelvis, and legs.
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Appendicular skeleton
4
Q
Bone that has a body that is longer than it is wide, growth plates at either end, a hard outer surface, and an inner region that is less dense than the outer region and contains bone marrow.
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Long bone
5
Q
The body of a bone
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Diaphysis
6
Q
The growth plate at either end of a bone
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Epiphysis
7
Q
The hard outer surface of a bone
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Compact bone
8
Q
The inner region of a bone, which is less dense than the outer region
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Spongy bone
9
Q
Bones that are approximately as wide as they are long, and their primary function is to provide support and stability with little movement. Contain only a thin layer of compact bone, along with spongy bone and relatively large amounts of bone marrow.
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Short bone
10
Q
Strong, flat plate of bone that protects the body’s vital organs and provides a base for muscular attachment. The anterior and posterior surfaces of flat bones are formed from compact bone to provide strength. and the center consists of spongy bone and varying amounts of bone marrow.
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Flat bone
11
Q
Bones that do not fall into any other category due to their nonuniform shape. They primarily consist of spongy bone, with a thin outer layer of compact bone.
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Irregular bone
12
Q
Bones that are usually short or irregular bones embedded in a tendon. They are typically present in a tendon where it passes over a joint and serve to protect the tendon
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Sesamoid bone
13
Q
A layer of connective tissue that covers compact bone surfaces. It serves as the site of muscle attachment (via tendions)
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Periosteum
14
Q
Cell on the outer surface of the periosteum that aids in remodeling and repair by rebuilding new compact bone to increase bone strength
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Osteoblast
15
Q
Soft fatty tissue found inside bones
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Bone marrow
16
Q
Bone marrow that serves as the blood-cell factory (hematopoiesis). As humans age, this is slowly replaced by fat
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Red marrow
17
Q
Bone marrow that begins to form during adolescence and is present in most bones by adulthood. Can be reactivated to produce blood cells under certain circumstances.
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Yellow marrow
18
Q
A cell that breaks down some spongy bone
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Osteoclast
19
Q
Osteoblast that has become surrounded by calcified extracellular material
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Osteocyte
20
Q
A thin layer of osteocytes
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Lamella
21
Q
Extracellular material in which osteocytes are embedded. Consists of calcium phosphate crystals that make the bones hard and strong. It also contains collagen fibers that reinforce the bone, giving it flexible strength
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Matrix
22
Q
The type of cartilage most associated with bone, often found in joints.
A
Hyaline cartilage
23
Q
A freely moveable joint; it is most common type of joint. Contain cartilage that is lubricated by a transparent viscous fluid secreted by the synovial membrane
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Synovial joint
24
Q
A transparent viscous fluid secreted by the synovial membrane that lubricates cartilage in the synovial joints
A
Synovial fluid
25
The saclike envelope enclosing the cavity of a synovial joint
Joint capsule
26
A slightly moveable joint that can be seen in the vertebral column
Amphiarthrosis
27
An immovable joint
Synarthrosis
28
An immovable joint in the skull
Suture
29
Muscle that connects to bone. The most frequently occuring muscle type, it makes up approximately 40% of the body's weight
Skeletal muscle
30
Type of muscle that lines the walls of hollow organs and tubes and is found in the eyes, skin, and glands. Involuntary
Smooth muscle
31
Type of muscle that constitutes the heart and is under involuntary control
Cardiac muscle
32
Specialized tough cord or band of dense connective tissue that is a continuous extension of the periosteum
Tendon
33
Muscle cell that is a cylinder with multiple nuclei
Muscle fiber
34
A threadlike structure that extends the entire length of the muscle fiber
Myofibril
35
Protein fibers found in muscle fibers
Myofilament
36
One of two types of myofilaments. It is involved in muscular contractions, cellular movement, and cell shape maintenance.
Actin
37
One of the two types of myofilaments - the darker and thicker of the two types. Are fibrous globulins that work with actin to form actomyosin
Myosin
38
Repeated structural unit into which myofilaments are organized
Sarcomere
39
Fibrous connective tissue that surrounds muscles. It may also surround muscle groups
Fascia
40
An increase in the curvature of the thoracic spine outward. Also called hunchback
Kyphosis
41
An exaggerated concave of the lumbar spine. Also called swayback
Lordosis
42
A lateral deviation of the spine. This lateral curvature may affect the thoracic or lumbar area or both. May also include a rotation of the vertebrae on their axis
Scoliosis
43
A break in the rigid structure of the bone
Fracture
44
A fracture with a single break in the bone and bone ends that maintain their alignment and position
Simple fracture
45
A fracture straight across the bone shaft
Transverse fracture
46
A fracture at an angle to the bone shaft
Oblique fracture
47
A fracture that twists around the bone shaft
Spiral fracture
48
A fracture characterized by multiple fracture lines and bone pieces
Comminuted fracture
49
An incomplete fracture in which the bone is bent and only the outer curve of the bend is broken; commonly occurs in children because of minimal calcification and often heals quickly
Greenstick fracture
50
A fracture in which the bone is crushed or collapses into small pieces
Compression fracture
51
Type of fracture in which the bone is broken into two or more separate pieces
Complete fracture
52
Type of fracture in which the bone is partially broken
Incomplete fracture
53
Type of fracture in which the skin is broken. The bone fragments or edges may be angled and protrude out of the skin. Associated with more damage to soft tissue and carry a greater risk for infection. Also called compound fracture
Open fracture
54
Type of fracture in which the skin is intact
Closed fracture
55
Type of fracture in which one end of the bone is forced into the adjacent bone
Impacted fracture
56
A type of fracture that results from a weakness in the bone structure secondary to conditions such as tumors or osteoporosis
Pathologic fracture
57
Type of fracture that occurs from repeated excessive stress. Also called fatigue fracture
Stress fracture
58
Type of fracture that occurs in the skull when the broken piece is forced inward on the brain
Depressed fracture
59
A mass of cells and fibers that bridges broken bone ends together inside and outside
Callus
60
A serious condition that results from pressure increases in a body compartment, usually the muscle fascia in the case of fractures. The pressure impinges on the nerves and blood vessels contained within the compartment, potentially compromising the distal extremity.
Compartment syndrome
61
Condition that occurs when fatty marrow enters the bloodstream after a fracture to one of the long bones. The emboli can travel to vital organs such as the lungs, brain, or heart
Fat embolism
62
An infection of the long bone
Osteomyelitis
63
Death of bone tissue due to a loss of blood supply. Also called avascular necrosis
Osteonecrosis
64
A grating sound
Crepitus
65
A fracture treatment in which the broken bone fragments are brought together to promote healing. Can be accomplished by manual manipulation or surgery
Reduce
66
The separation of two bones where they meet at a joint
Dislocation
67
An injury to a ligament that often involves stretching or tearing of the ligament
Sprain
68
An injury to a muscle or tendon that often involves stretching or tearing of the muscle or tendon
Strain
69
A state in which the nucleus pulposus protrudes through the annulus fibrosus. Also called slipped disk and ruptured disk.
Herniated intervertebral disk
70
A radiating, aching pain, sometimes with tingling and numbness, that starts in the buttock and extends down the back or side of one leg
Sciatica
71
A condition characterized by a progressive loss of bone calcium that leaves the bones brittle
Osteoporosis
72
Bone mass that is less than expected for age, ethnicity, or gender
Osteopenia
73
A softening and weakening of bones in children, usually because of an extreme and prolonged vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate deficiency
Rickets
74
A softening and weakening of bones in adults, usually because of an extreme and prolonged vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate deficiency
Osteomalacia
75
A progressive condition characterized by abnormal bone destruction and remodeling, which results in bone deformities
Paget disease
76
A localized joint disease characterized by deterioration of articulating cartilage and its underlying bone as well as bony overgrowth. The surface of the cartilage becomes rough and worn, interfering with joint movement. Also called wear-and-tear arthritis and degenerative joint disease
Osteoarthritis (OA)
77
A systemic, autoimmune condition involving multiple joints. The inflammatory process primarily affects the synovial membrane, but it can also affect other organs
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
78
Joint fixation and deformity
Ankylosis
79
An inflammatory disease resulting from deposits of uric acid crystals in tissues and fluids within the body
Gout
80
A large nodule consisting of uric acid crystals deposited in soft tissues, usually in cooler areas of the body
Tophus (plural: tophi)
81
A progressive inflammatory disorder affecting the sacroiliac joints, intervertebral spaces, and costovertebral joints
Ankylosing spondylitis
82
A group of inherited disorders characterized by degeneration of skeletal muscle. Muscles become weaker as damage worsens. There are nine different forms
Muscular dystrophy (MD)
83
A syndrome predominantly characterized by widespread muscular pain and fatigue. Affects muscles, tendons, and surrounding tissue but not the joints
Fibromyalgia
84
A type of benign tumor that consists of cartilage and bone
Osteochondroma
85
An aggressive tumor that begins in the bone cells, usually in the femur, tibia, or fibula
Osteosarcoma
86
As slow-growing tumor that begins in cartilage cells that are commonly found on the ends of bones
Chondrosarcoma
87
An aggressive tumor for which the origin is unknown. It may begin in nerve tissue within the bone
Ewing sarcoma
88
Simply webbing of the fingers or toes
Syndactyly
89
The presence of an extra digit
Polydactyly
90
Considered a mild limb deformity
The absence of a bone such as the phalanx, rib, or clavicle
91
Considered a major limb malformation
- Joint contractures and dislocations
- Absence of entire bones, joints, or limbs
92
Hereditary disease characterized by defective synthesis of type I collagen
Mutations in the COLIA1 and COLIA2 genes are responsible for more than 90% of all cases
Bones tend to shatter and break easily
Clinical manifestations:
- Bone pain
- A blue, purple, or gray tint of the sclera (whites of the eyes)
- Triangular shaped face
- Loss of hearing
- Brittle teeth
- Easy bruising
Osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone)
93
Abnormality in hip development that leads to a wide spectrum of hip problems in infants and children
Look for asymmetrical fat folds in the thighs of babies
Can often treat with a sling to overcorrect and allow hips to grow evenly
Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH)
94
Congenital deformity of the foot that can affect one or both feet
Feet grow inward
Treat with stretching and casting
Clubfoot or talipes
95
Increased curvature of the thoracic spine
Acquired - sometimes appears during adolescent
Often in more elderly secondary to osteoporosis, DDD, or injury
May interfere with ventilation
Kyphosis
96
Exaggerated curvature of the lumbar spine
Develops during adolescence, due to poor posture, during pregnancy, and during obesity
Lordosis
97
Sideways curvature of the spine
Occurs most often during the growth spurt before puberty
Can be double (S) or single curve (C)
Most cases are mild
Severe cases can be disabling
Complications include:
- Body is not able to perform at its full potential
- Impaired proprioception
- Reduced space in the chest makes it harder for the lungs and heart to function
- Chronic back pain
Scoliosis
98
Type of fracture that occurs when a piece of the bone is pulled away by the tendon
Avulsion fracture
99
- Injury to compartment causes pressure build up beneath fascia
- Most common: anterior compartment of calf, arms, hands, feet, and thighs
- Signs and symptoms: pain, paresthesia, muscle tightness, numbness, visible muscle bulge, difficulty moving limb
- Treatment includes an emergency fasciotomy
- Complications: may result in need for amputation
Acute Compartment Syndrome
100
What are the three objectives for treatment of fractures?
- Reduction of the fracture (align/keep in place) - closed manipulation or surgical reduction (ORIF)
- Immobilization - Through the use of external devices
- Preservation and restoration of the function - therapy
101
When blood pools in an area
Ecchymosis
102
What is the healing process for sprains or strains?
- Granulation tissue develops along with inflammation
- Collagen links along the granular tissue
- Fibrous tissue binds them together
103
Collapsing as a result of pressure or degeneration of the spinal bones
Compression fracture
104
Result from degeneration of the spine or trauma
Wedge fracture
105
When a disc/bone in your spine is extremely compressed, becoming crushed, spreading fragments throughout the spine
Burst fracture
106
What delays wound healing?
- Patient's age
- Current medications
- Debilitating diseases
- Local stress around the fracture site
- Circulatory problems
- Coagulation disorders
- Poor nutrition
107
Occurs when the inner nucleus pulposus protrudes through a tear in the outer annulus fibrosus
Herniated Intervertebral Disk
108
"Porous bone"
Genetic, low bone mass increases risk
Symptoms: may be asymptomatic, back pain, gradual loss of height, stooped posture, easily fractured bones
Treatment: Bisphosphonates to increase production of new bone
Osteoporosis
109
- Softening and weakening of bones due to lack of minerals in bone (generally related to vitamin D deficiency)
Manifestations: deformities, fractures, delayed growth, dental problems, bone pain, muscle cramps/weakness, waddling gait
Rickets (children)
Osteomalacia (Adults)
110
Abnormal bone destruction and remodeling (happens quickly and incorrectly, bone size may increase, but strength decreases as there is an increase in fibrous tissue being laid down, bones become fragile and misshapen)
Virus causes increased osteoclast activity or genetic defects that produce increase in interferon-6
Manifestations: insidious onset, bone pain, skeletal deformities, fractures, headache, hearing and vision loss, reduced height, warmth over affected bone, hypercalcemia
Paget Disease of the Bone
111
Also known as degenerative joint disease (DJD)
Deterioration of articulating cartilage and its underlying bone as well as bony overgrowth at localized joints
Osteoarthritis
112
- Associated with extra-articular as well as articular manifestations
- Usually has an insidious onset marked by systemic manifestations such as fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, and generalized aching and stiffness
- Characterized by exacerbations and remissions
- May involve only a few joints for brief durations, or it may become relentlessly progressive and debilitating
Characteristics of Rheumatoid Arthritis
113
What are the treatment goals for a person with RA?
- Reduce pain
- Minimize stiffness and swelling
- Maintain mobility
- Become an informed healthcare consumer
114
A chronic disease characterized by synovitis
Can influence epiphyseal growth by stimulating growth of the affected side
Generalized stunted growth also may occur
Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
115
- Acute gouty arthritis with recurrent attacks of severe articular and periarticular inflammation
- Tophi or the accumulation of crystalline deposits in articular surfaces, bone, soft tissue, and cartilage
- Gouty nephropathy or renal impairment
- Uric acid kidney stones
Gout Syndrome
116
What are the treatment goals for gout?
- Termination and prevention of the acute attacks of gouty arthritis
- Correction of hyperuricemia
- Inhibition of further precipitation of sodium urate
- Absorption of urate crystal deposits already in the tissues
117
Inherited, non-inflammatory degeneration of skeletal muscle
- X-linked: more common in males, females can be carriers
- 9 types: all have their own pattern of inheritance
- Duchenne and Becker's are most common
Manifestations:
- Muscle weakness
- Delayed development of muscle skills
- Poor coordination
- Difficulty using muscle groups
- Delayed walking
- Loss of joint mobility
- Gower's sign when standing
A weak diaphragm can lead to respiratory failure, dilated cardiomyopathy and arrhythmias
Muscular Dystrophy
118
Abnormality of muscle protein
Dystrophin
119
Widespread muscle pain and fatigue
Cause is uncertain, but may be related to neural inputs
No inflammation or degeneration
Fibromyalgia
120
What are the characteristics of benign bone tumors? Types?
- Limited to the confines of the bone
- Well-demarcated edges
- Surrounded by a thin rim of sclerotic bone
- Osteoma
- Chondroma
- Osteochondroma
- Giant cell tumor
