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MCN > REPRODUCTIVE DEVELOPMENT > Flashcards

REPRODUCTIVE DEVELOPMENT Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main functions of reproductive organs?

A

Produce and transport gametes.

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2
Q

What chromosomes correspond to female and male reproductive organs?

A

Female: XX, Male: XY.

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3
Q

What process occurs during gametogenesis?

A

Meiosis

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4
Q

How many daughter cells are produced in gametogenesis?

A

4

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5
Q

How does gametogenesis affect the chromosome number?

A

Reduces by half.

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6
Q

What is established during intrauterine development?

A

Genotypic and phenotypic sex.

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7
Q

What is the function of the scrotum?

A

Supports testis, regulates temperature.

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8
Q

What are the layers of the scrotum?

A

Parietal and visceral layers.

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9
Q

What is the primary function of the penis?

A

Copulation and urination.

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10
Q

Where are the testes formed?

A

Pelvic cavity.

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11
Q

These cells Produce testosterone

A

LEYDIG”s cell

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12
Q

These cells nourishes and protects
spermatocytes

A

SERTOLLI’s cell

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13
Q

What is the function of the epididymis?

A

provides a reservoir for maturing sperm

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14
Q

How long does sperm take to travel through the epididymis?

A

12–20 days.

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15
Q

What do the seminal vesicles secrete?

A

Alkaline liquid.

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16
Q

What is the function of the prostate gland?

A

Protects sperm.

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17
Q

What do Cowper’s glands seminal fluid contain?

A

Mucoproteins.

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18
Q

What is the role of the urethra?

A

Transports urine and semen.

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19
Q

What are the components of sperm?

A

Head, midsection, tail.

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20
Q

How fast do sperm move?

A

1–4 mm/min.

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21
Q

What is the first test for male infertility?

A

Sperm analysis.

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22
Q

What controls erection?

A

Parasympathetic nervous system.

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23
Q

What controls ejaculation?

A

Sympathetic nervous system.

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24
Q

Protects pubic bone.

A

MONS VENERIS/PUBIS

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25
Q

Protects external genitalia of women

A

LABIA MAJUS

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26
Q

It houses the vestibule.

A

LABIA MINUS

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27
Q

It is the primary site of sexual arousal

A

clitoral head

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28
Q

Opening for urination

A

urethral meatus

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29
Q

Small mucus-secreting glands that open into the posterior wall of the urinary meatus and lubricate the vagina.

A

Skene’s glands

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30
Q

A Vaginal introitus tissue.

A

hymen

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31
Q

Found at the Lower part of labia

A

fourchette

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32
Q

Tissue between anus and vagina

A

perineum

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33
Q

Boat like depression middle of labia, contains vaginal opening, urethral meatus, skene’s glands or paraurethral glands and Bartholin’s glands or paravaginal glands

A

vestibule

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34
Q

Mucus-secreting glands located on either side of the vaginal orifice.

A

BARTHOLIN’S GLANDS

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35
Q

a ruggaeted pouch hanging below the pendulous
penis

A

SCRUTUM

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36
Q

with a medial septum dividing into two sacs,
each of which contains a testes

A

SCRUTUM

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37
Q

Scrotum layer that has the function of covering the inner aspect of the scrotal wall

A

Parietal layer

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38
Q

Scrotum layer that coats the testis and epididymis.

A

visceral layer

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39
Q

2 ovoid glands formed in the pelvic cavity

A

TESTES

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40
Q

Convoluted, where
sperm production occurs, surrounded by blood and lymph vessels

A

Seminiferous tubules

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41
Q

Thin walled spaces that forms
10 – 15 efferent ducts that empty to the epididymis

A

RETE Testis

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42
Q

5 – 6 m long, produces 5% seminal fluid, 2 – 10 day stay before sperm is released

A

EPIDIDYMIS

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43
Q

Percentage of seminal fluid formed by the epididymis

A

5% seminal fluid

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44
Q

How many days does the sperm travel out at the epididymis

A

12 – 20 days

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45
Q

Expands to form terminal ampulla

A

VAS DEFERENS/DUCTUS DEFERENS

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46
Q

What does the v. deferens form when it expands

A

terminal ampulla

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47
Q

When the v. deferens unites with seminal vesicle, what does it form?

A

EJACULATORY DUCT

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48
Q

rapidly squeezes sperm from storage site

A

VAS DEFERENS/DUCTUS DEFERENS

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49
Q

It is the Site of sterilization

A

VAS DEFERENS/DUCTUS DEFERENS

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50
Q

What does the alkaline liquid secreted by seminal vesicles composed of

A

PGE, amino acids, fibrinogen and FRUCTOSE

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51
Q

It produces 30% of total seminal fluid

A

SEMINAL VESICLES

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52
Q

Chestnut size, below the bladder, secretes 60% of alkaline fluid

A

PROSTATE

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53
Q

How many of the total seminal fluid is secreted by the prostate gland

A

60% of alkaline fluid

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54
Q

What is the seminal fluid secreted by the prostate composed of

A

Zinc, Ca, citric acid, acid phosphatase

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55
Q

Secretes 5% seminal fluid that contains MUCOPROTEINS

A

BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS/ COWPER’S GLANDS

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56
Q

How many seminal fluid is secreted by bulbourethral glands

A

5% seminal fluid

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57
Q

ensures safe sperm passage by counteracting acid secretion of urethra.

A

BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS/ COWPER’S GLANDS

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58
Q

What are the two external structure of the male reproductive organ

A
  1. SCRUTUM
  2. PENIS
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59
Q

What are the 7 internal structure of the male reproductive organ

A

1.TESTES
2. EPIDIDYMIS
3. VAS DEFERENS/DUCTUS DEFERENS
4. SEMINAL VESICLES
5.PROSTATE
6. BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS/ COWPER’S GLANDS
7. URETHRA

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60
Q

Male repro:
6 – 8 inches long hollow tube lined w/mucous membrane

A

URETHRA

61
Q

How is a man determined to be sterile in a sperm analysis

A

if less than 20 million sperm per ml

62
Q

causes the smooth muscles to relax and the blood vessels to dilate during erection

A

Nitric oxide

63
Q

Also called climax or orgasm

A

Ejaculation

64
Q

Hairless connective tissue at external surface, mucous membrane covering at internal surface, also w/ sebaceous glands

A

LABIA MINUS

65
Q

Homologous to penis

A

CLITORAL Head

66
Q

located at the upper portion b/n labia minora and majora

A

CLITORAL Head

67
Q

Due to the stimulation of what causes the sensitivity of the clitoral head

A

ISCHIOCAVERNOUS muscle

68
Q

Supported by Cooper’s
ligaments, contains 20 lobules

A

Breasts/ mammary glands

69
Q

What ligaments support breasts

A

Cooper’s
ligaments

70
Q

How many lobules does a breast have

A

20 lobules

71
Q

What duct empties the breast externally

A

lactiferous duct

72
Q

In each lobule, it produces milk

A

ACINAR cells

73
Q

How many openings does a breast have?

A

20

74
Q

sebaceous glands causing
roughness in the areola

A

Montgomery’s tubercles

75
Q

11 EXTERNAL PUDENDA /VULVA of women

A
  1. MONS VENERIS/PUBIS
  2. LABIA MAJUS
  3. LABIA MINUS
  4. CLITORAL Head
  5. Urethral meatus
  6. Skene’s glands
  7. Hymen
  8. FOURCHETTE
  9. PERINEUM
  10. Vestibule
  11. BARTHOLIN’S GLANDS
76
Q

6 main Female Internal Reproductive Structures

A
  1. VAGINA
  2. UTERUS
  3. UTERINE LIGAMENTS
  4. FALLOPIAN TUBES
  5. OVARIES
  6. PELVIS
77
Q

female organ of copulation; passageway of menstruation & fetus

A

VAGINA

78
Q

3 – 4inches or 8 – 10 cm long, dilated canal

A

VAGINA

79
Q

permits stretching without tearing of the vagina

A

Rugae

80
Q

Organ of menstruation, is a hollow, thick-walled muscular organ. It varies in size, shape and weight

A

UTERUS

81
Q

What are the three layers of the uterus?

A

Perimetrium, Myometrium, Endometrium

82
Q

What is the lowest portion of the uterus that connects to the vagina?

A

Cervix

83
Q

Mucus secreting glands that works as lubricant, bacteriostat, alkalizing agent

A

Cervix

84
Q

Junction of cervix and isthmus

A

INTERNAL OS

85
Q

opening to the vagina, basis for level of ischial spines

A

EXTERNAL OS

86
Q

Which part of the uterus is the site for tubal ligation?

A

Isthmus

87
Q

the lower uterine segment during pregnancy, site for LSCS

A

ISTHMUS

88
Q

What is LSCS

A

lower segment caesarean section

89
Q

uppermost part of the uterus, palpable abdominally during pregnancy

A

FUNDUS

90
Q

point of insertion of fallopian tubes, shortens during advances pregnancy and labor

A

CORPUS

91
Q

Which ligament keeps the uterus centrally placed and stable within the pelvic cavity?

A

Broad ligament

92
Q

What are the two upper segments of the uterine ligaments

A

BROAD
ROUND

93
Q

During labor, this ligament steadies uterus, pulling downward and forward so fetal presenting part is moved to cervix

A

ROUND

94
Q

Which ligament prevents uterine prolapse?

A

CARDINAL/ McKENRODT’S/ TRANSVERSE

95
Q

Ligament that contains sensory fibers that cause dysmennorhea

A

UTEROSACRAL

96
Q

What are the 3 ligaments in the middle segment

A

CARDINAL/ McKENRODT’S/ TRANSVERSE
UTEROSACRAL
PUBOCERVICAL

97
Q

What are the 4 ligaments in the lower segment that all support muscular floor

A

PUBOCOCCYGEAL l,
ILIOCOCCYGEAL ,
PUBOCERVICAL,
PUBOVAGINALIS

98
Q

main source of blood supply in the uterus

A

azygous artery

99
Q

What efferent nerves supply the uterus

A

T5 – T10

100
Q

What afferent nerves supply the uterus

A

T11 – T12

101
Q

2-3 inches long that serves as a passageway of the sperm from the uterus to the ampulla or the passageway of the mature ovum or fertilized ovum from the ampulla to the uterus.

A

FALLOPIAN TUBES

102
Q

4 SIGNIFICANT SEGMENTS of the FALLOPIAN TUBES

A
  1. Infundibulum
  2. Ampulla
  3. Isthmus
  4. Interstitial
103
Q

Distal part of FT, trumpet or funnel shaped, swollen at ovulation

A

Infundibulum

104
Q

outer 3rd or 2nd half; site of fertilization

A

Ampulla

105
Q

site of sterilization or tubal ligation

A

Isthmus

106
Q

Which segment of the fallopian tube is the site for ectopic pregnancy?

A

Interstitial

107
Q

2 female sex gonads, almond shaped, 6 – 10 gms each, located below the pelvic brim

A

OVARIES

108
Q

What do ovaries not have that increases risk for eruption and easy spread of cancer cells

A

peritoneal covering

109
Q

What is the function of the ovaries?

A

Ovulation and hormone production (Estrogen, Progesterone)

110
Q

Hormone that maintains secondary sex char

A

Estrogen

111
Q

Hormone that increases uterine vegetation

A

Progesterone

112
Q

What is the outermost layer of the ovaries

A

Tunica albuginea

113
Q

What are the 3 layers of the ovaries

A

tunica albuginea
cortex
medulla

114
Q

contains ova, follicle

A

cortex

115
Q

surrounded by cortex, contains nerve, blood and lymphatic vessels

A

medulla

116
Q

Four Bones of pelvis

A

Two innominate bones
Sacrum
Coccyx

117
Q

What are the divisions of the innominate bones of the pelvis

A

Ilium
Ischium
Pubis

118
Q

posterior wall; pelvic portion of the spinal column

A

Sacrum

119
Q

tail end of the sacrum

A

Coccyx

120
Q

Types of Pelvic Shapes

A

Gynecoid.
Android.
Anthropoid.
Platypelloid.

121
Q

Which type of pelvic shape is ovoid or rounded, typical for females?

A

Gynecoid

122
Q

Which type of pelvic shape is Heart-shaped with narrow pubic arch, typical for males?

A

Android.

123
Q

Which type of pelvic shape resembles ape pelvis: Oval-shaped inlet

A

Anthropoid

124
Q

Which type of pelvic shape is Wide but flat: may still allow vaginal delivery if the fetus is pre-mature

A

Platypelloid.

125
Q

Pelvic Divisions

A

False Pelvis
Linea terminalis
True pelvis

126
Q

Shallow upper portion of the pelvis; supports uterus during late pregnancy

A

False Pelvis

127
Q

Plane dividing the upper or false pelvis from the lower or true pelvis

A

Linea terminalis

128
Q

What does the true pelvis consist of?

A

Pelvic inlet, pelvic cavity, pelvic outlet

129
Q

Anteroposterior diameter of the pelvis

A
  1. Diagonal conjugate
  2. Anatomic conjugate
  3. Obstetrical conjugate
130
Q

It is a test where increased estrogen causes a fern-like pattern in cervical mucus.

A

Fern test

131
Q

It is a test where increased estrogen causes stretchability in cervical mucus.

A

Spinbarkeit test

132
Q

It is the sharp pain experienced during ovulation

A

Mittleschmerz

133
Q

It is the spotting experienced during ovulation due to the rapture of capillaries

A

Mittlestain

134
Q

permanent cessation of menses,

A

MENOPAUSAL period

135
Q

What is the permanent cessation of menses around age 45-55

A

Menopause

136
Q

What is painful menstruation called?

A

Dysmenorrhea

137
Q

It is abnormally heavy menstruation flow

A

Menorrhagia

138
Q

What is bleeding between menstrual periods called?

A

Metrorrhagia

139
Q

What is the absence of menstruation?

A

Amenorrhea

140
Q

When does male fertility typically end?

A

At death

141
Q

How long can an ovum survive after ovulation?

A

24 hours

142
Q

What is the formula used to estimate fertile days in women with regular cycles?

A

Oginoknaus formula

143
Q

What does joint fertility involve?

A

Equal contribution of male and female in having a child.

144
Q

What are the 5 things to ask the patient for menstrual history?

A

Menarche
Interval
Duration
Amount
Signs and symptoms

145
Q

What are the 6 things to ask the patient for Obstetric History (GTPALM)

A

G : Gravida (Number of pregnancies)
T : Term (37wks and above)
P : Preterm (20wks to 36 6/7)
A : Abortion (below 20 weeks
L : Living children
M : Multiple pregnancy

146
Q

What are the 2 things to ask the patient for Obstetric History (G/P)

A

G/P
G : Number of pregnancies
P : Para (Number of deliveries after 20wks

147
Q

release of mature egg from the ovarian follicle.

A

OVULATION

148
Q

What are the 2 phases of the ovarian cycle

A

Follicular Phase
LUTEAL PHASE

149
Q

THE UTERINE CYCLE
Pre-ovulatory stage
a.____________
b.____________
Post-ovulatory stage
a. ___________
b. ___________

A

Pre-ovulatory stage
a. Menses
b. Proliferative
Post-ovulatory stage
a. Secretory
b. Ischemic

MCN (5 decks)

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