Antepartum (Topic 4) Flashcards
Union of the male sex cell (sperm) and the female sex cell (ovum)
Conception
Reproductive cell
Gamete
Formation of gametes (ova) in the female.
Oogenesis
Formation of male gametes (sperm) in the testes
Spermatogenesis
Reduction cell division in gametes that halves the number of chromosomes (haploid)in each cell.
Meiosis
Implantation of the fertilized ovum in the uterine endometrium
Nidation
A term referring to the endometrium during pregnancy.
Decidua
The developing baby from conception through the first two weeks of prenatal life.
Zygote
The developing baby from the beginning of the 3rd week through the 8th week after conception.
Embryo
The developing baby from 9 weeks after conception until birth.
Fetus
Prenatal age of the developing baby (measured in weeks) calculated from the
first day of the woman’s last menstrual period.
Gestational age/Age of Gestation (AOG)
The X or Y chromosomes
Sex chromosomes
What phase is after the secretory phase without coitus
Ischemic phase
OVULATION OCCURS APPROXIMATELY ON THE _____
14TH DAY OF YOUR CYCLE (FOR REGULARS)
AVERAGE LENGTH OF A CYCLE
SHORT CYCLE
LONG CYCLE
FACTORS AFFECTING CONCEPTION (3)
- Timing
- Ovum Condition
- Sperm Capacity
How mL of semen is ejaculated per ejaculation
2.5 mL
How many spermatozoa per mL, comes out during ejaculation?
50-200 million spermatozoa/mL
what is the average sperm count per ejaculation?
400 million sperm/ejaculation
What helps the motility of the sperm during its entrance to the female organ?
Tail, Uterine contractions
Transport time of semen from vagina to cervix and from vagina to fallopian tube
80 secs from vagina to cervix
5 mins from vagina to fallopian tube
Also called as Pre- Embryonic Development
Zygotic Stage
Stage from conception/fertilization through the 1st two weeks of pregnancy.
Pre- Embryonic Development/ Zygotic Stage
Process where the sperm released intravaginally undergoes removal of plasma membrane, where loss
of seminal plasma lipids, CHONS
CAPACITATION
This happens at Days 0-2 after Coitus
Fertilization
This coat must be removed to enable fertilization – 7 hours
glycoCHON coat
Reaction where there is a release of HYALURONIDASE on the surface of the ovum, breaks down
CORONA RADIATA, clears HYALURONIC acid
ACROSOMAL REACTION
What is released on the surface of the ovum during acrosomal reaction
HYALURONIDASE
What is broken down in an acrosomal reaction by the release of hyaluronidase
CORONA RADIATA
ACROSOMAL REACTION – release of HYALURONIDASE on the surface of the ovum, breaks down
CORONA RADIATA, clears _______
HYALURONIC acid
When the Ovum reacts with sperm enzyme, it undergoes _______ and ________
BLOCK TO POLYSPERMY
CORTICAL REACTION
Where the zona pellucida reacts by preventing other sperm cells to enter.
BLOCK TO POLYSPERMY
Granules are released, water is pushed away from the egg, creates a “FERTILIZATION MEMBRANE”, takes 10 – 24 hours to complete
CORTICAL REACTION
What reacts by preventing other sperm cells to enter
zona pellucida
What membrane is created from cortical reaction
FERTILIZATION MEMBRANE
how many hours for the cortical reaction to complete
10 – 24 hours
fertilized ovum
ZYGOTE
Fertilization takes place in the ____
Ampulla of the fallopian tube
In what days does the zygote assumes a mulberry appearance, called the Morula
Days 3 – 6
The zygote assumes a mulberry appearance, called the ________
Morula
What day does the morula becomes a hollow, fluid-filled Blastocyst
Day 7
In day 7, the morula becomes a ______, fluid-filled _______
hollow
Blastocyst
What burrows into the
soft uterine lining (Decidua)
blastocyst
Where does the blastocyst burrows into
Decidua
The outer layer of the blastocyst which becomes covered with finger-like tissue projections
(chorionic villi)
Trophoblast
Finger-like tissue projections during Trophoblast
Chorionic villi
During implanting blastocyst, the zygote consists of a sphere of what two cells
Trophoblast cells
Eccentric cell
Cluster of Trophoblast cells and eccentric cells
Inner cell mass
Aids in the process of implantation in the endometrium
Chorionic villi
It undergoes cell multiplication
cleavage formation occurs as cell divides
ZYGOTE
Cells creating cell mass,
held together by zona pellucida
BLASTOMERES
Blastomeres are held together by __________
zona pellucida
Blastomeres that formed into 12 – 16 cells, differentiates into 2 layers of cells
Morula
How many cells are formed from blastomeres in a morula
12 – 16 cells
single cell that can give rise to a new organism
Totipotent
Cells that has the capacity to self-renew
Pluripotent
Has the capacity to develop into more than one cell type but more limited than pluripotent cells
Multipotent
What two main processes occurs in the zygotic stage
FERTILIZATION
IMPLANTATION/NIDATION
This happens on Days 8-10 after coitus
IMPLANTATION/NIDATION
Migration of zygote from the fallopian tube to the body of the uterus for lasts 3-4 days
IMPLANTATION / NIDATION
Usually happens at the upper portion, anterior surface of the endometrium
IMPLANTATION / NIDATION
Where does implantation / nidation usually happen
anterior surface of the endometrium
Implantation undergoes series of ________________ resulting to cleavage formation
mitotic divisions
How many cleavage formation every 22 hours during implantation
1
After how many hours does cleavage division happen after fertilization
24 hours
once the zygote reaches the uterus during implantation , how many ball of cell is it composed of
32-50
What will the inner cell mass turn into
Embryo
What will the trophoblast turn into
placenta and membranes
At approx 8-10 days after fertilization, blastocyst attaches to the endometrium and sheds last residues of _______ and _______
corona radiata and zona pellucida.
What happens to the female during implantation stage because capillaries are ruptured by the implanting trophoblast cells
slight vaginal bleeding
3 PROCESSES OF IMPLANTATION
Apposition
Adhesion
Invasion
It is a process of implantation where the zygote stays on surface of endometrial wall
Apposition
It is a process of implantation where the zygote Attaches to uterine wall
Adhesion
It is a process of implantation where there is burrowing in towards maternal capillaries, may cause IMPLANTATION BLEEDING
Invasion
During the formation of the chorionic villi, what are the 2 layers formed
Syncytiotrophoblast / syncytial layer
Cytotrophoblast/ Langhan’s layer
It is the outer layer of the chorionic villi, formed on the 10th day, produces HCG, HPL, prog and estro
Syncytiotrophoblast / syncytial layer
What hormones does the Syncytiotrophoblast / syncytial layer produces
Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
Human placental lactogen (HPL)
prog and estro
It is the middle layer of the chorionic villi formed on the 12th day, protects fetus from
spirochete infection, disappears b/n 20 – 24 weeks
Cytotrophoblast/ Langhan’s layer
What infection does the Cytotrophoblast/ Langhan’s layer protect the fetus from
spirochete infection
When does the Cytotrophoblast/ Langhan’s layer disappear
b/n 20 – 24 weeks
Where do organ systems develop from
Germ layers
How many does the germ layers complete
16 days
What are the 3 primary germ layers
Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm
This layer later on develops into Digestive tract lining, urinary bladder, liver, pancreatic tissue, part of vagina, epithelium of pharynx and tongue
Endoderm
This layer later on develops into Dermis, kidneys, ureters, spleen, connective tissues, repro organs, skeletal muscles, cardiovascular,
lymphatic tissues
Mesoderm
This layer later on develops into Epidermis, eye lens, ear, enamel of teeth, GLANDS – sebaceous, mammary, pituitary,sweat
Ectoderm
What does the endoderm layer develop into (7)
*not based on the table sa notes, dun sa may description
Digestive tract lining
urinary bladder
liver
pancreatic tissue
part of vagina
epithelium of pharynx
tongue
What does the Mesoderm layer develop into (9)
*not based on the table sa notes, dun sa may description
Dermis
kidneys
ureters
spleen
connective tissues
repro organs
skeletal muscles
cardiovascular
lymphatic tissues
What does the Ectoderm layer develop into (8)
*not based on the table sa notes, dun sa may description
Epidermis
eye lens
ear
enamel of teeth
GLANDS (sebaceous, mammary, pituitary, sweat)
Identify what layer did this develop from:
CNS and PNS
Ectoderm
Identify what layer did this develop from:
Pituitary gland
Ectoderm
Identify what layer did this develop from:
Sensory epithelium of the eye, ear, and nose
Ectoderm
Identify what layer did this develop from:
Epidermis
Ectoderm
Identify what layer did this develop from:
Hair and nails
Ectoderm
Identify what layer did this develop from:
Subcutaneous glands and mammary glands
Ectoderm
Identify what layer did this develop from:
Tooth enamel
Ectoderm
Identify what layer did this develop from:
Cartilage and bone connective tissue
Mesoderm
Identify what layer did this develop from:
heart, blood vessels, and blood cells
Mesoderm
Identify what layer did this develop from:
Lymphatic system
Mesoderm
Identify what layer did this develop from:
Spleen
Mesoderm
Identify what layer did this develop from:
Kidney
Mesoderm
Identify what layer did this develop from:
Adrenal Cortex
Mesoderm
Identify what layer did this develop from:
Ovaries, testes, reproductive system
Mesoderm
Identify what layer did this develop from:
Lining membranes (pericardial, pleural, peritoneal)
Mesoderm
Identify what layer did this develop from:
Lining of GI and Respi tract
Endoderm
Identify what layer did this develop from:
Tonsils, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus
Endoderm
Identify what layer did this develop from:
Liver
Endoderm
Identify what layer did this develop from:
Pancreas
Endoderm
Identify what layer did this develop from:
Lining of urinary bladder and urethra
Endoderm
Identify what layer did this develop from:
Lining of ear canal
Endoderm
What are the two embryonic membranes
Amnion
Chorion
This membrane is formed from blastocyst, from ectoderm
Amnion
This membrane produces amniotic fluid and covering of umbilical cord,
Amnion
When the amnion expands and joins the chorion, what does it form
AMNIOTIC sac
first and outermost membrane
Chorion
This membrane is formed from trophoblast , encircles amnion, embryo, yolk sac, where
fetal part of the placenta arises
Chorion
finger like projection on surface of chorion
CHORIONIC villi
When is chorionic villi formed on the chorion
at 10 – 12 days
How many layers does the chorionic villi have on the chorion
2 layers
It is a Clear, yellow fluid
AMNIOTIC FLUID
What is the pH of AMNIOTIC FLUID
7.2
How many mL does an amniotic fluid have
500 – 1000 ml
What is the specific gravity of amniotic fluid (urine)
1.010 – 1.025 – urine
It functions as a Cushion for the fetus against sudden blows or trauma
AMNIOTIC FLUID
What does the amniotic fluid facilitate in developing
musculo-skeletal development
What does the amniotic fluid maintains
temp
What does the amniotic fluid prevents
cord compression
This structure develops at site where embryo attaches to uterine wall, left side position increases blood flow
PLACENTA
How heavy does a placenta weigh at term
400 – 600 gms
How many cotyledons does the placenta consist of
15 – 20 cotyledons
This structure is Formed at 3rd week, functional at 4th week
PLACENTA
What are the two parts of a placenta
Maternal portion
Fetal portion
This portion of placenta consists of D. basalis and circulation
Maternal portion
When the maternal portion is the one showing first during the delivery of the placenta, what is it called
DUNCAN PRESENTATION
This portion of placenta consists of chorionic villi and circulation
Fetal portion
This portion of placenta is covered with amnion, shiny gray, anchoring villi forms, becomes SEPTA
Fetal portion
When the Fetal portion is the one showing first during the delivery of the placenta, what is it called
SCHULTZ PRESENTATION
What does the placenta function as for the fetus (6)
- Respiratory System
- GIT
- Excretory System (Artery)
- Circulating system
- Endocrine System -produces hormones
- It serves as a protective barrier
HORMONES PRODUCED BY THE PLACENTA (5)
- Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin
- Progesterone
- Human placental Lactogen/somatomammotropin Hormone
- Relaxin Hormone
- Estrogen
This hormone is Present 8 – 10 days after fertilization and Peaks 50 – 70 days during preg, decreases by 100 days
Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin
This hormone Encourages corpus luteum to secrete estrogen and progesterone capabilities of the trophoblast so placenta and embryo are not rejected
Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin
What does Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin increase
immunologic
This hormone is the basis of preg test
Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin
This hormone Encourages fallopian tube and uterus to provide nutrients, aids in ovum transport
Progesterone
This hormone Decreases uterine motility
Progesterone
This hormone is Present at 6th week
Human placental Lactogen/somatomammotropin Hormone
Human placental Lactogen/somatomammotropin Hormone promotes and regulates what of the mother
glucose CHON and fat levels
This hormone Decreases sensitivity of mother to glucose
Human placental Lactogen/somatomammotropin Hormone
This hormone encourages Lactogenic
Human placental Lactogen/somatomammotropin Hormone
increases milk prod and mammary gland development
Lactogenic
This hormone causes the Pliability of musculoskeletal
Relaxin Hormone
This hormone produces estriol
Estrogen
type secreted by placenta, causes enlargement of breasts and uterus
Estriol
This hormone Increases vascularity and vasodilation
Estrogen
