reproductive choices Flashcards
what are the 2 methods of contraception
- prevent sperm and egg contact
- prevent ovulation
define abstinence
- no sexual intercourse
- prevention from sexually transmitted diseases
what is coitus interruptus
the male withdraws his penis prior to ejaculation
theoretically prevents sperm from entering the deeper structures of the female reproductive system
no protection from STDs
only considered to be about 75% effective
what is the rhythm method
based on the timing of the women’s menstrual cycle
calendar, Basel body temperature
what is symptothermal
combines temperatures and mucous methods
what are spermicides
spermicides containing nonoxynol-9 provide some protection but not 100%
should be used in combination with a barrier method
spermicides come in foam, cream, paste or film form
how effective are condoms
98-99% when used with a spermicide
proper use and storage is very important
read instructions!
fairly good protection from STD’s but still best with spermicide
what are intrauterine devices
prevents fertilized egg from implanting in the endometrium
may actually prevent conception
Not appropriate for all women, some potential serious side affects
95%-98% effective for preventing pregnancy
No protection from STDs
what is tubal ligation
- procedure for women only
- fallopian tubes are cut and tied sometimes cauterized
- can be done via laparotomy- small incision in the abdominal wall
what is a vasectomy
- procedure for men only
- surgical removal of a small section of the deferens- tied or cauterized
- technique is changing but for now should be considered irreversible
what are contraceptives “the pill”
first marketed in the United States in 1960
today, they are the most commonly used birth control method among college-aged women
most work through combined effects of synthetic estrogen and progesterone
progestin-only minipills contain small doses of synthetic progesterone with no estrogen
what is ortho evra
the patch
- an adhesive bandage worn for one week then replaced with a new one
what is depo provera
long acting synthetic progesterone injected every 3 months by a health care professional
what is an implant contraceptive
Implanon and others: a small plastic capsule inserted into the skin on the inner side of a woman’s upper underarm
not visible
releases a low, steady dose of progestin for up to 3 years
why is the pill safer now then how it was in the 1960s
Contains less estrogen and progestin
Then: 50 – 100 mcg of estrogen; 10 mg of progestin
Now: 20 – 30 mcg of estrogen; 0.5 – 1 mg of progestin
how does the pill prevent ovulation
no egg to release
what are side affects of the pill
nausea, headaches, weight gain, tenderness of the breasts
blood clotting, strokes, hypertension, heart attack, migraines, liver disease
risks of the pill are more risky for who
women over age 35 and smokers
how affective is the pill
97%-98%
what are non- contraceptive health benefits
decreased incidence of ovarian and endometrial cancers
decreased incidence of benign cysts of the ovaries, breasts
decreased risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
Reduction in anemia
Decreased risk of ectopic pregnancies
Maintenance of bone density
why do antibiotics render the pill ineffective
some antibiotics make it difficult for your body to absorb the hormones (e.g., estrogen / progestin) in the birth control pill
Others will make your body get rid of hormones faster
either way, hormone levels in your body or lowered and pregnancy can occur
what are some antibiotics that can affect the pill
rifampin
penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin
tetracycline, minocylcine, doxycycline
who should not use the pill
- pregnant
-history of or current heart problems - blood clotting disorder
- breast feeding
-smoker
-migraines
-high blood pressure
-breast cancer
when should you contact a heath care professional when on the pill
Severe chest pain or shortness of breast
Severe headache or blurred vision
Severe leg pain
Absence of menstruation
what are limitations to using the pill
- user dependent
-drug interactions - some side affects
what is the morning after pill
High dose estrogen
may prevent ovulation, fertilization, transport of the ova, implantation
Should be used only in an emergency situation
what are options for unplanned pregnancy
marriage
single parenthood
adoption
abortion
what are the 2 ways people can adopt
public adoption
Children’s Aid Society is responsible for finding a home for the baby
no cost to either birth parents or adoptive parents
private adoption
doctors and/or lawyers coordinate the adoption
cost to the adoptive parents (can be $15,000+)
what is an abortion
a procedure, either surgical or medical, to end a pregnancy by removing the fetus and placenta from the uterus
what are some reasons to consider abortion
the woman may not want wish to be pregnant (elective termination)
the woman’s health is endangered by the pregnancy (therapeutic abortion)
there is a chance of an abnormality in the developing fetus (e.g., birth defect, genetic abnormality)
what is a medical abortion
between 7-9 weeks of pregnancy
mifepristone
- ingested orally
misoprostol
- inserted into vagina within the first 24-27 hours of first medication
requires follow-up appointment to ensure all the tissue has been expelled
must live within 2 hours of hospital
side effects: prolonged bleeding, incomplete abortion, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, pain
aka abortion pill
what is a surgical abortion
the type of procedure that is done depends on how far along the pregnancy is
1st / 2nd / 3rd Trimesters
abortions in the 3rd trimester are almost exclusively done for medical reasons / complications
what happens in a surgical abortion during the first trimester
- procedure is done between 6-13 weeks
- vacuum aspiration (aka suction aspiration, suction curettage)
what are the steps of a surgical abortion in the first trimester
- injection into the cervix to numb it (topical freezing)
- insertion of soft flexible tube through the cervix into uterus
- suction created by an aspiring machine to remove uterine contents
- completed within 5-7 minutes
what happens in a surgical abortion for women in the second trimester
- procedure is done between 13-24 weeks
- dilation and curettage/ dilation and evacuate
what are the steps for a surgical abortion during the second trimester
Day 1: cervix is numbed; dilators are inserted into cervix
Day 2: cervix is made more numb; dilators are removed; contents are suctioned out; physician may use a curette to scrap any out any remaining tissue
may be done with or without general anesthetic
what happens in a surgical abortion during the third trimester
procedure done after 21 weeks
Dilation and Extraction (D&X); Induction Abortion; Intact D&X; Intrauterine Cranial Decompression; Partial Birth Abortion
what are the steps for a surgical abortion done in the third trimester
Day 1: cervix is numbed; dilators are inserted into cervix
Day 2: cervix is dilated and medication given for cramping
Day 3: women is given medication to induce labor; procedure is performed to decompress the cranium; suction catheter is used to remove cranial contents; body is removed
what are the side affects of abortion
abdominal cramping
nausea
vomiting
diarrhea
what are the risks of abortion
excessive bleeding
infection of the uterus
infection of the fallopian tubes
puncture or perforation of the uterus
scarring of the uterus
damage to the cervix (e.g., tearing)
allergic reaction to medications
damage to other internal organs
death
can affect future pregnancies
emotional impact
Post Abortion Stress Syndrome
spiritual consequences
