health midterm 1 Flashcards
who is the World Health Organization
- United Nations
- founded April 7 1948
when was the first international health conference
1947
what is the “Ottawa charter”
founded in 1986 the I.H.C expanded the long time definition of health and includes health promotion
health is
an emphasis on the body
- presence or absence of illness or injury
wellness
goes beyond health
- living life to its fullest
what is the past theory on what makes us healthy and what makes us sick
the medical model
define the medical model
- focus is primarily on the person
-biological
-the person is she because they have cancer of the liver - doesn’t take into account other reasons why the person may be sick (ex; was the person exposed to a toxin)
what is the new model for why we are sick or healthy
public health model
define the public health model
- aka the ecological model
- what makes us healthy or unhealthy is a result of how we interact with our environment
-disease prevention and health promotion are the two key elements that define the model
what is another word for disease prevention
preventative medicine
what is the goal of disease prevention
the goal is to prevent illness, delay onset, or lessen the severity
what are the tree levels of disease prevention
Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Tertiary prevention
what is an example of “ter existing behaviors to reduce the likelihood that an individual at increased risk will progress to having one or more fully developed chronic diseases.”
cancer and cardiovascular screening and routine medical testing for other conditions (e.g., diabetes)
define primary prevention
any intervention that PREVENTS a disease or condition from occurring
prevent or avoid risk factors for chronic diseases
example: meningitis immunization for children
define secondary prevention
put into place early after a condition has begun AND before significant impairments have occurred
Relies on early diagnosis
prompt therapy to:
shorten the duration of the illness
reduce the severity of the illness
reduce the possibility of the disease becoming contagious
limit complications
define tertiary prevention
once the disease has developed, this level involves efforts to avoid the development of complications or secondary chronic conditions
Minimize the progression of a chronic disease once it has happened
involves rehabilitation and aggressive preventive measures
example: physical and mental rehabilitation for an individual; +/- immunization; minimizing exposure to situations where he/she may potentially come into contact with the disease / illness
define health promotion
educating people and developing skills to enable them to increase control over health, and to improve health
define sex
the biological and physiological characteristics that define men, women, and intersex peopl
define intersex
Individuals born with physical or biological sex characteristics that do not fit the traditional definitions of male or female
incomplete or unusual development of the internal reproductive organs
inconsistency between the external genitals and the internal reproductive organs
abnormalities of the sex chromosomes
define gender
how people identify themselves regardless of the sexual organs they have
define gender identity
- a persons personal, internal sense of maleness or femaleness
- may or may not correspond with sex identified at birth
define actue illness
rapid onset
short course
usually treatable / curable
example:
broken leg
appendicitis
Cold
define chronic illness
- slow onset
-long duration
-not usually treatable / curable - example
Alzheimer’s disease
arthritis
cancer
define a cohort
- a group of individuals born in the same year (1990)
or - within the same time period
generation
a group of individuals born during the same period of time, who have experienced and reacted similarly to significant social, political, or historical events
these special events or factors have led members of a cohort to think and behave in ways that make them different from other generations
define life expectancy
the number of years a person can be expected to live based on their year of birth
many factors influence life expectancy including:
sex
ethnicity
race
reduced death of infants and children through control of infectious disease
place of residence (i.e., what country you live in, and where in that country)
varies slightly with each successive cohort
define incidence
the # of NEW cases of a specific condition within a specific time period, for a specific population
NEW CASES
define prevalence
the # of PRE-EXISTING cases of a condition, within a specific time period, for a specific population
PRE EXISTING
what are the 3 dimensions of health
-physical
-mental/ psychological
-social
define physical health
the extent to which our major body systems are physiologically intact (e.g., cardiovascular, musculoskeletal)
define mental health
presence of mental / psychiatric conditions that may require institutional care, or limit our ability to function in society (e.g., schizophrenia, depression)
disease related
define social health
a collective term that refers to populations rather than individuals
pathology = population with undesirable characteristic (e.g., fear, anxiety, starvation, natural disaster, etc.)
what are the dimensions of wellness
physical
emotional
intellectual
interpersonal
spiritual
environmental
occupational
define emotional wellness
linked more to our feelings rather than our mental capacity (sadness, happiness)
reactions to situations (bereavement, loss of independence, divorce, etc)
define physical wellness
level of fitness
ability to care for yourself
define intellectual wellness
ability to process and act on information appropriately
define interpersonal wellness
ability to develop and maintain positive relationships
define spiritual wellness
may include religious beliefs and practices, but also focuses on our relationship with other living things
define environmental wellness
refers to how where you live, work, play can positively or negatively affect you
define occupational wellness
refers specifically to your employment and how it affects you
good job = happy worker = better lifestyle = better health
what are the factors that influence weather people are healthy or unhealthy
determinants of population health and social determinants of health
who is responsible for providing healthy conditions?
all levels of government (e.g., federal, provincial, municipal)
individuals, friends and family, teachers
community members, community groups
employers
health care providers
what are the three categories of determinants of health
-personal behaviour
-social and economic environments
-physical environment
define personal behaviour as a determinant of health
gender, genetics, personal health practices, coping skills, healthy child development, culture
define social and economic environments as a determinant of health
income and social status, social support networks, employment and working conditions, education
define physical environment as a determinant of health
air, water, homes, workplaces, communities, roads
what are some specific examples of determinants of health
income
education
unemployment
working conditions
housing
gender
health services
what are the 3 factors required to change for the better
predisposing factors
enabling factors
reinforcing factors
