Reproductive changes of Female Flashcards
What are the Male hormones?
Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Luteinising Hormone (LH)
Androgens- from Adrenal gland
Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
Testosterone
Inhibin
Oestrogen
Males Gonads are describes as ?
XY
What are Female hormones?
Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Luteinising Hormone (LH)
Oestrogen
Progesterone
Inhibin
Androgens- from Adrenal gland
Oxytocin
Relaxin
Testosterone
Females Gonads are describe as ?
XX Gonads
What does the Adrenal gland contain ?
Medulla and coticol
What hormones does the medulla contain ?
Adrenaline & Noradrenaline
Side effect of Glucocorticoid ?
Osteoporosis
Weight gain or obesity
Muscle weakness
Cushing’s syndrome
Adrenal suppression
Hyperglycaemia
Why does female have hirsutism ?
increase in male hormones called androgens
What does the oxytocin hormone come from ?
It is a Happy hormone, comes from Posterior Pituatory
Why is the GnRH level high in the fetus?
Due to the maternal life since it’s inside the mother’s womb(intrauterine)
What happens to the GnRH hormone after birth ?
It is suppressed until puberty
What is the mother’s womb called?
intrauterine
Where is GnRH produced from ?
The hypothalamus and it secrete in a pulsalitile form after the puberty
How does the new pattern of GnRH secrete ?
it drives a parallel secretion of FSH and LH by the anterior lobe of the pituitory
What happens to the GnRH at the puberty?
GnRH levels are naturally low in children and rise during puberty. Afterward, testosterone, estrogen and progesterone control GnRH levels. Your body makes less GnRH when your sex hormone levels are high. It makes more GnRH when sex hormones are low.
What is Oogenesis ?
Formation of Ovum
which hormones gives the ability to grow facial hair and mustaches on male?
Testestorone
Where does the testostorone come from ?
The hormone called androgen
Which hormone’s level is likely to go down after menopause in the female?
Oestrogen
Which hormone level gets increase after the menopause in women?
Androgen expression seems to be higher after menopause which also raise harsuitism in the female.
When does the relaxin hormone act ?
loosens and relaxes your muscles, joints and ligaments during pregnancy to help your body stretch
Which hormone helps during the process of delivery the infant?
Relaxin, as the passage is very narrow, the relaxin hormone gives a little leeway for the ligament to relax as it facilitate the process of deliver will be faster.
What feedback is released when giving birth ?
Positive feedback
What is female reporductive cycle,what are the 3 cycles include?
- Ovarian Cycle (maturation of the oocyte)
- Uterine Cycle( suitable implanation environment)
- Cervical Cycle ( control sperm entry)
All 3 cycles need to be regulated & controlled to create optimal conditions for fertilisation and implantation.
What hormones will be carried to the ovaries through the blood vessel?
FSH and LH will be carried by the blood vessels to the ovaries
What are the steps of follicles in the ovaries ?
Primordial follicle
Primary follicle
Secondary follicle
&
Mature follicle
What does the FSH do in the ovaries ?
It develop the follicle, and the ovaries will produce the hormone called oestrogen under FSH. As the Level of FSH increases, oestrogen will also increase!!
Since, the oestrogen increases, it’s going to stimulate the primordial follicle becomes bigger and goes into the primary follicle, it then goes into secondary follicle & it is going to become a matured follicle .
this increase in oestrogen will lead to have some effect on the uterus.
LH hormone releases ?
The Ovum and this process is called ovulation and this is the only function of LH in the female.
What happens when the ovum comes out ?
Rupture (bleed) which requires a recovery and it change to a structure called Corpus Luteum which act as another endocrine gland and produce a hormone called progestorone. If there is something that happens in the uterus, progestorone continues but the ovum that went out can only survive for 72 hrs ( 3 days).
But, if there’s a pregnancy the corpus luteum produce progestorone to support however if there is no pregnancy the corpus luteum will shrink.
What will happen to the progestrone once the corpus luteum shrink ?
The level of progestrone goes down, this makes the oestrogen also to go down, this will make a white coloured scar in the ovary. When both of these hormones goes it, this results in menstruation which has the effect on the uterus.
What are the 2 effects ?
FSH from the anterior pituatory will make the ovary produce the hormone oestroge.
Oestrogen will make Primoidal follicle to primary follicle, secondary follicle and to mature follicle.
What is Oogenesis ?
Formation of ovum
growth process in which the primary egg cell (or ovum) becomes a mature ovu
What happens to corpus luteum during fertilization ?
It secrets steroid hormones and support developing zygote
What happens to corpus luteum during non- fertilization ?
Corpus Luteum regressess and becomes corpus albicans.
If there is no fertilization, the uterus will shed off the endometrium.
What is site of horome production in the female reproductive ?
Ovary
What are the endocrine hormones in the ovary ?
FSH and LH
What are the paracrine hormones (locally) in the ovary ?
Progestorone
Female reproduction is influenced by ?
Stress which can lead to 50% of infertility
How does the production occur in males ?
Spermatozoa is the gamate in the male and starts at puberty
How does the production occur in females?
Oogenesis is the process of female gamate formation, involves meosis.
Meosis begin, and it is in the primary oocyte stage until puberty and ovulation begins.
The generation of the oocyte starts before birth in the female.
Completetion/full maturation does not occur until fertilization
What are the target cells that act Locally in the female reproductive system ?
Epidermal growth factor (EGF)
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)
insulin-like growth factor (IGF)
all these act locally to regulate ovarian function by controlling the immunity, steroid production and connective tiessue remodelling.
What are the target cells distally ?
Uterus
Breast tissue
Bones
How many follicle will mature ?
Only one, it is a stage dependent.
Large ones that is above 5mm will die
What forms around the oocyte ?
Zona Pellucida, between the oocyte and the granulosa cells.
What does the granulosa cells produce ?
Oestrogen and Progestrone
What develop LH receptors ?
Granula cells develope LH receptors and increase the progestorone release
LH also affects Theca, interstitial and corpus luteum
Where is LH receptors occur ?
Theca and granulosa cells
Production of Gametes in female :
Oogonium ( mitosis) is during the early fetal life gives rise to primary oocyte
Meiosis 1 begins during the fetal development.
After puberty, primary oocytes complete meiosis 1, which produces secondary oocyte and a first polar body that may or may not divide again.
The secondary oocyte begins meiosis 2
The secondary oocyte ( first polar body) is ovulated.
After the fertilization, meiosis 2 resume. The oocyte splits into an ovum and a second polar body
The nuclei of the sperm cell and the ovum unite to form a diploid (2n) zygote.
Where has theca cells formed from ?
Stromal cells
What are the phases in Uterine cycle ?
Proliferative phase (follicular)
Secretive phase (Luteal)
Follicular phase ?
Oestrogen dependent
The oestrogen levels increase from maturing follicles to stimulate ovaulation in the ovary
Luteal phase is ?
Progesterone dependent
Prevents FSH and LH release
Low Oestrogen level but High P
Progesterone from maturing follicles then the corpus luteum
What does the oestrogen promote in Follicular phase ?
it promotes the development of the uterus lining include
Glandular Growth
Endrometrial repair, cell growth and division
Stratification
What does the progesterone stimulate in the Luteal phase?
Secretion of nutritive substance and maintanence of the lining
What is the Cervical Cycle Phase ?
There is always a secretion which is produced by the cervix.
Preovulatory phase/ovulatory phase
Luteal Phase
What happens in Preovulatory/Ovulatory phase?
The increase in oestrogen changes the mucus fibres to a more linear form so that the sperm can travel
Explain the secretion in cervix ?
During the first phase ( Follicular phase) the secretion will be little creamy between the day 7-9 however between the day 10-12 the secretion will be like egg white, this will allow the sperm upwards to the uterine cavity
What happens in cervix during Luteal phase ?
Progestrone thickens cervical mucous to create a cervical plug, trapping sperm
What happens in the uterine cycle and the ovarian cycle ?
Uterus - during the day 1 of the menstrual cycle, the endometrial sheds(mentruation). At this stage, the uterus contain a layer called Stratum basils (basla layer) which never shed off. The only layer that sheds off is the top layer of the endometrium called Stratum functionalis.
Ovary - there is increase in the FSH which would make the ovary to produce Oestrogen
What are the effects of oestrogen as it increases ?
1) Primodial follicle, primary follicle, secondary follicle and the oestrogen makes it matured.
2) The oestrogen will have an effect on the ovary as well as on the endometrium
What happens on the day 4/5 of the menstruation cycle ?
There will be a repair of the endometrium in the uterus and the bleeding stops
Therefore, the uterus will be ready by the day 14 , a thick endometrium will be formed to receive a fertilized egg and the ovary would have produced a mature follicle.
When is the positive feedback found ?
During the increase of oestrogen, there will be a positive feedback and also increase in LH.
What is the area called after ovulation ?
Corpus Luteum
What is Corpus Luteum going to do?
Release the hormone called progestorone, this will make the blood vessel tortous and it will supply more energy and there will be more heigh in the endometrium. So that, if there is a zygote it can implant easilyand the formation of placeta takes place.
What is the name of the phase between day 1-4?
Menstrual face belong to uterus
What is the name of the phase when there is a repair by the oestrogen?
Proliferative Phase in the uterus
What is the name of the phase after the ovulation, under the influence of progesterone ?
Secretory phase belongs to uterus
