Labour Physiology Flashcards
How many uterine phases? What are they?
3
Menstrual Phase
Proliferated Phase
Secretary Phase
Which uterine phase is the 2nd half ?
Secratory phase
Which hormone is dominant in the secretary phase ?
Progestorone
What is the function of Progestorone ?
- It thickens the Endometrium layer for a fertilised egg to implant & grow
- Regulate bleeding during menstruation
- Support Lactation
- Support Pregnancy once conception occurs
What does the Placenta do ?
Provide Oxygen & nutients
Removes waste from baby’s blood
Facilitates nutrient, gas, and waste exchange between maternal and fetal circulation
How long is the human pregnancy?
40 weeks
How many trimesters are in Pregnancy?
3
Trimester 1,2 and 3
When is it considered as Preterm Labour ?
Anything below 32 weeks
What is Type 1 Pnuemocyte ?
What is Type 2 Pnuemocyte ?
Gas exchange
Surfactant
What is Foramen Ovule and where is it placed?
It’s an Oval shape in the heart, a whole in the wall of the heart that separates the heart’s two chambers (atria).
All babies have opening called foramen ovule before birth for the blood to bypass the lungs. Shortly after birth, tissue usually grow together and closes the whole.
What is the condition that the new born will present, within 3/4 days after born when they can’t degrade their RBC’s ?
Neonatal Jaundice
Which part would you find out that the baby has Jaundice?
When you press the forehead and leave it, it will turn in yellow colour which indicate the deposit of bilirubin
How does the length of the cycle affects fertilization ?
If the LH is delayed after 72 hrs and the aged ovum may form an abnormal foetus, which decrease the chances of fertilization, decrease in Luteal phase also affect the fertility due to the abdnormal utereine lining.
What happens when there is no sufficient uterine lining ?
The zygote won’t be able to form tropoblast and the placenta will not form completely. If there is no placenta, there won’t be any nutrient supply which lead to abortion.
What effects does the female hormones provide?
Progestorone and Oestrogen needs to balance each other for the sperm motility and hostility of the uterine environment, so that the sperm can live in the vagina
Where does the Sperm Survive ?
Vagina (pH) alkaline
What does the High oestrogen does?
It makes the vagina watery and mucous with protein alignment
What does the High Progestorone does?
This will change the cervical mucous ( increase the viscosity )
Both Oestrogen and Progestorone needs to work together so that the sperm will be able to reach and the fertilization takes place.
What are the hormonal changes that take places during pregnancy?
Hormonal changes are the first indicators of the pregnancy
What hormone that you need to increase during the maternal and pregnancy period?
Increase Progesterone
Maintain Oestrogen
Increase HCG (human chorionic Gonadotrophin)
What would be the next step after an early abortion between 5-6 weeks?
Check the Progestorone Level & if it is low given them the injection called Depo Provera( strong injection progestorone)
What is HCG?
Hormone produced by the trophoblast, it is a diagnostic test used to check for pregnancy
What is the time frame for increase and decrease of HCG?
Detectable in 8 th week
Peak in 9th week
Decrease between 4-5 months as the placentha takes over from the 3rd month
How long does the Oestrogen and Porgestorone secrete during pregnancy ?
Oestrogen 3- 4 weeks
Progesterone from 6 weeks
When should you do the urine test for pregnancy to appropriate result ?
By 6 weeks but if there’s any symptoms such as Nausea & Vomiting check the blood and will be positive by 5th week but if the symptoms are still severe, do the Ultrasound between 6 to 8 weeks to confirm it’s not an ectopic pregenancy.
Within how many weeks would you suppose to do Ultrasound ?
Between 9- 12 weeks
What do you check on the Ultrasound ?
Check for Nuchal Translucency which is a clear space in the tissue of developing a baby’s neck & an measurement to assess the baby’s risk of having Down syndrome.
What is the millimetre should you confim for Down Syndrome ?
Foetus with more than 2mm NT
What is Triple test ?
First pregnancy for the mother
Mother aged more than 35 yrs
NT of more then 2mm
All these suggests that baby is Down Syndrome
What are the maintanence hormones that gets decreased to avoid precondition ( second pregnancy)?
GnRH-
FSH- decrease in FSH lead to No follicle formation- No Ovulation
LH
What are the key hormones that change during pregnancy?
HPL
Relaxin
ACTH
TSH
Vasopressin(Anti diuretic hormone)
Prolactin
TH
what happens if there is an increase of Human Placental Lactogen?
To store more fat
Why should the mother store fat ?
For Breast feeding
What is the function of Relaxin ?
increases the flexibility of tendons to allow for foetal growth and birth
Who produced Relaxin?
Corpus Luteum, later by the placenta to prepare body for the birth
The effect of the relaxin is also on the cervix
What does the relaxin do while child birth ?
**relaxes **the uterus for growing foetus
Dilates pubic symphasis and cervix for birth passage
What does the ACTH Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone stimulate ?
Adrenal Cortex and Cortisol is the important hormone here
Why is Thyroid Stimulating Hormone important for ?
develope the mother’s and foetus Metabollic rate and growth
What is the function of Vasopressin ?
It expands the total blood volume by affecting the constriction of smooth muscle( blood vessels, uterus and mammary glands).
What is the function of Prolactin?
Milk production
What is the function of Thyroid Hormones (TH)
involved in increasing maternal basal metabollic rate
Which hormonal changes that supported the pregnancy?
Renin
Erythropoetin
Vitamin D
Parathyroid Hormone
Glucocorticoids
How does the Renin support in the pregnancy?
Renin increases the BP in the first tremester
but on the 2nd tremester, there will be a decrese in a renin.
How does Erythropoeitin support in the pregnancy?
Kidneys produce eythropoetin and to increase the red blood cell in the spongy end of the bone in the bone marrow cell.
This will produce RBC’s
Why do you want to increase RBCs?
Beacuse of aldosterone, there will be a retention of salt & water which would make the blood to dilute, need more oxygen to reach to the foetus which mean more erythopoeitin is required.
Why is Vitamin D important?
For the bone health
Why is Parathyroid hormone important ?
It increases maternal calcium absorption
Why is Glucocorticoid important ?
To increase maternal glucose level
What is the first sign of pregnancy ?
Increase in frequent urination
What changes that occur in the second tremester?
Increase in blood volume
